String LEDs are now very popular as decorative lights which are available in different colors at very low cost. It gives very brilliant colour display sequencing in four channels. The blinking pattern is controlled by a programmed chip and the switching is achieved by a high volt SCR .String LEDs show automatic Multi pattern changing…
Heat Sensor using Thermister
This is the circuit of a Heat sensor that beeps when it detects heat. It is an ideal add on circuit in heat generating devices like Inverter and Amplifier. Thermister is a special kind of resistor and its resistance depends on the temperature in its vicinity, Depending on its working, thermistors are divided into two types:…
Random Flashing LED Circuit Diagram
Here is an automatic Ornamental LED lamp for decoration purpose. It automatically switches on in the evening and turns off in the morning. Each string of LED flashes at different rates giving a colorful appearance. IC CD4060 is used in the circuit to drive the LEDs at different flash rates. CD 4060 is the…
PDF: How it works
The PDF is designed to keep up with today’s fast-paced and highly demanding work world. Portable Document Format files are safe in online activities because these are “Read Only” files that cannot be altered without leaving the Electronic foot print .This makes the PDF safe since it satisfies the legal requirements to stand up in…
PIR Sensors
Infrared is the invisible radiation lies between the Visible and Microwave portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The term Infra means below the ability to detect visually and the term Red means colour of the light with low energy level. The Near infrared is close to the red portion of visible light and the Far infrared…
Power Factor Correction Calculation
Power factor correction is the method to reduce the lagging power factor in inductive loads by fixing a high value capacitor across the phase and neutral close to the load. When the Voltage and Current are in phase with each other in an AC circuit, the energy from the source is fully converted into another…
FM Module
Compact sized SMD based FM Modules are now available to make FM stereo with USB provision. These FM modules are excellent circuit boards which can operate at 5 volt DC. It is also remote operated and the output can be connected to a power amplifier or VCD player. It has a Digital display to show…
Effect of Electrical Current on Human Body & Electrical Safety Precautions
Electricity has very much importance in human life. To run an electric appliance or electronic circuit we need the help of electricity either in the form of AC or DC. Even though electricity is useful to human life, careless handling can cause lethal effects. Electrical safety measures are necessary while dealing with high voltage AC…
Variable Frequency Drive
Variable Frequency Drive or VFD is the system that controls the speed of a rotating device such as motor by applying varying frequency AC voltage. It is a kind of adjustable speed drive widely used in domestic and industrial applications such as pumps, ventilation systems, elevators, machine tool drives etc. The Variable Frequency Drive is…
Na-S or Sodium-Sulfur Battery
NaS or Sodium-Sulfur battery is a kind of molten metal battery used in non mobile applications like grid energy storage. Sodium-Sulfur battery is made up of Sodium and Sulphur and has very high energy density and very high charge/ discharge efficiency compared to other batteries. The Sodium-Sulfur battery is composed of a solid electrolyte membrane…
Electronic Energy Meter or Electricity Meter
The conventional mechanical energy meter is based on the phenomenon of “Magnetic Induction”. It has a rotating aluminium Wheel called Ferriwheel and [[wysiwyg_imageupload::]]many toothed wheels. Based on the flow of current, the Ferriwheel rotates which makes rotation of other wheels. This will be converted into corresponding measurements in the display section. Since many mechanical parts are involved, mechanical defects and breakdown are common. More over chances of manipulation and current theft will be higher.Electronic Energy Meter is based on Digital Micro Technology (DMT) and uses no moving parts. So the EEM is known as “Static Energy Meter” In EEM the accurate functioning is controlled by a specially designed IC called ASIC (Application Specified Integrated Circuit). ASIC is constructed only for specific applications using Embedded System Technology. Similar ASIC are now used in Washing Machines, Air Conditioners, Automobiles, Digital Camera etc.
Transformerless Power Supply
One of the major problems that is to be solved in an electronic circuit design is the production of low voltage DC power supply from AC to power the circuit. [[wysiwyg_imageupload::]]The conventional method is the use of a step-down transformer to reduce the 230 V AC to a desired level of low voltage AC. The most suitable and low cost method is the use of aVoltage Dropping Capacitor in series with the phase line. Selection of the Dropping capacitor and the circuit design requires some technical knowledge and practical experience to get the desired voltage and current.
Lithium Ion Battery
Lithium Ion (Li-ion) batteries are common in consumer electronics. It belongs to a family of rechargeable battery and uses lithium as the active material. During discharge, the lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode. The flow of lithium ions reverse during charging. Lithium ion batteries are extensively used in portable devices…
BSI Pin in Mobile Phone
Mobile phone battery requires only two pins for charging, then why there is a third pin? The question is definitely a curiosity generating one. The third pin called BSI pin performs very important functions and act as an interface between the Mobile phone and the Battery. When the battery is removed, without switching off the…
Electroporation
Electroporation is the artificial means of DNA transfer into the cells using an electrical field. It is defined as the use of electrical field to reversibly form micropores in the cell membrane. It is relatively new, simple and rapid technique to introduce DNA in a wide variety of cells. This technique is based on the…
Ethernet Cable
Ethernet Cable is the type of Cable used to connect network devices like Modem, Hub or Router to the PC. If you want to purchase a new cable, it is necessary to make sure that you are going to purchase the right cable. There are Straight and Cross over Ethernet cables used in Modems. This…
Web Feeds
Web feed is the data format providing frequently updated contents to the users. The content distributors syndicate a web feed to allow the users to subscribe the contents. Web feed is also known as the Syndicate feed or News feed. To access a collection of web feeds, Aggregation is used so that the user can…
Cell Phone Spying
Mobile phone Spywares were introduced as a measure of Parental control and for tracking purpose to locate the mobile phone in emergency situations. These are mainly used for child safety to watch the online activities of children and to prevent Sexting (Sending or receiving sexually explicit messages).But now the Cell phone spywares are becoming the…
Spy Devices
Spy Devices are not for Spying! These devices are introduced for surveillance purpose and for personal use and not for intruding into the privacy of other persons. Spying one’s speech or recording the image of a person without permission is treated as illegal since these can be used for illegal activities. Various kinds of spy…
SMD Capacitors
The SMD Capacitor is a rectangular block made up of dielectric in which a number of interleaved metal electrodes are present. This structure gives high capacitance per unit volume. The inner electrodes are connected to two terminals made of either Silver Palladium(AgPd) alloy in the ratio 65:35 or silver dipped with a barrier layer plated…