Nikhil Agnihotri

In the previous tutorial, we learned about signal behavior and the role of a capacitor in a circuit. A capacitor stores electrical charge in the form of the electrostatic field in response to an applied voltage. It charges whenever the applied voltage increases (relative to the current-voltage across the capacitor) by allowing a charging current…

In the previous tutorials, we discussed setting up an electronics lab and learned rudimentary know-how of resistors. Moving on with a discussion on passive components, let’s talk about the capacitor. Let us begin with a fictitious circuit Imagine a purely resistive circuit driven by an ideal voltage source or ideal current source. In such a…

In the previous tutorials, we discussed two passive properties of electronic components, resistance and capacitance, and their electronic components, resistors and capacitors. Passive components are unable to generate energy, but can store or dissipate it. We’ve already learned about the electrical properties of resistors and capacitors, including how they affect the current and voltage in…

The demand for artificial Intelligence (AI) chips is increasing due to their suitability in certain AI applications. This development mirrors the rise of Graphic Processing Units (GPUs) for 3D applications years ago. However, traditional CPUs and even GPUs often fall short in handling the unique demands of AI workloads, prompting the emergence of AI-specific chips.…

Traffic light systems are important signaling devices that regulate the flow of vehicles and pedestrians at intersections, crosswalks, and other critical areas. These systems use three primary lights — red, yellow (amber), and green — to manage traffic effectively and ensure safety. In this project, we’ll create a traffic light system for a four-way intersection…

The ESP32-CAM is a widely used development board for embedded vision applications. It combines the ESP32 microcontroller with an OV2620 camera module, and the ESP32 itself comes with built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities. Previously, we created a video streaming server using the ESP32-CAM to troubleshoot potential operational issues with the module. In this project, we’ll…

Meditation is a practice that involves focusing the mind and cultivating awareness, often to achieve a state of mindfulness, mental clarity, inner peace, or spiritual connection. It’s used across cultures and traditions to reduce stress, improve emotional well-being, and enhance self-awareness — making it a valuable tool for mental and physical health. There are several…

You must have noticed token display boards at many places like food stores, hospitals, banks, various takeaways, etc. Token display systems are used to display token numbers. As these display boards show numeric information, these are easily designed using 7-segment LEDs. The commercial models use large 7-segment LEDs to display token numbers. It is even…

Geofencing is a technology that creates virtual boundaries around a specific physical location using tools like GPS, Wi-Fi, RFID, or cellular networks. It enables control over the movement or use of an object or device within a defined geographic area. To establish geofencing, virtual parameters are set around a designated area using special software that…

Spy gadgets, once exclusive to professional espionage, are now widely accessible and affordable for everyday users. Today, such devices are commonly employed in personal security, surveillance, private investigations, and sting operations. They also serve practical personal needs, such as monitoring pets, children, or elderly family members, recording lectures and meetings, and documenting events. Various spy…

Modern cars feature over 70 sensors that monitor various aspects of the vehicle, with 15 to 30 solely dedicated to tracking engine functions. As the automotive industry moves toward automation, the role of sensors will only increase. For example, Level 2+ autonomous vehicles require environmental awareness akin to that of a human driver, using a…

Global Positioning System (GPS) trackers are widely used devices that provide real-time or periodic location updates. Their applications range from navigation, logistics, fleet management, and personal safety to outdoor activities, theft prevention, and even pet monitoring. Available in various sizes and with diverse features, GPS trackers are adaptable to different needs. Whether for personal use…

In the previous tutorial, we discussed the Python language, its applications, implementations (including CPython, Jython, IronPython, and PyPy), and IDEs. We also learned how to write Python scripts and modules, and how to run Python scripts through an integrated development environment (or IDLE) and a Bash shell. Before we jump to controlling hardware via Python…

In the previous tutorial, we successfully set up a Raspberry Pi (RPi) Linux desktop. Now let’s learn Python.  We could start with how to control the hardware by using Python scripts, but that would defeat the purpose of using Raspberry Pi and a Very-High-Level-Language (VHLL) — such as Python — to control electronics. Certainly, you can…

In the previous article, we discussed the role of an operating system. We explored how Linux, as an open-source operating system, can be modified and used for mobile, desktop, server, cloud, mainframe, supercomputer, cluster, and embedded computing.  Raspbian, the official OS for the Raspberry Pi (PRi), is based on Debian. This is a Linux distribution, which…

In the previous article, we reviewed several Raspberry Pi models and considered which are most suitable depending on the application. Most of the time, you will be using RPi as a Linux computer. Raspbian, the official operating system for Raspberry Pi, is a variant of Debian OS (a Linux Distribution). Other operating systems are available, but…

In the previous tutorial, we introduced Raspberry Pi (RPi), including the operating systems it can run, programming languages it can use, as well as its advantages and limitations. We also discussed other single-board computers that are comparable to the RPi. The following models of Raspberry Pi have been released since 2012: Raspberry Pi 1 Model B…

Raspberry Pi is a credit-card sized, single-board computer developed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation, a UK-based charity that works to ensure global access of computing and digital technology. It was initially developed as a low-cost microcomputer to impart digital skills to kids. It comes without any power supply or peripherals as it’s meant to be programmed…

Modern vehicles are incomplete without an infotainment system, an automotive computer system with various multimedia features and functions. Infotainment is derived by combining the words “entertainment” and “information,” and these systems deliver both. They’re comprised of an embedded computer system for multimedia, developed to enhance and enrich the overall driving experience. Typically, infotainment systems include…

In the previous tutorials, we discussed fixed resistors, variable resistors, and dependent resistors. The fixed resistors with a power rating of 5 W or above are classified as power resistors. The purpose of these resistors in a circuit is not to offer resistance. These resistors are assembled in a circuit only for power dissipation because…