Venugopal M

In PCB designing, the first step is Creating circuit or schematic capture. In this, we have to draw the schematic with necessary Electronic components. This step includes adding components, connections with wire, verifying the circuit, etc. To create a circuit in KiCad, we have to use Eeschema. It is powerful schematic capture software distributed as part of KiCad and is limited only by the available memory. Thus, there is no real limitation to the number of components, component pins, connections, or sheets. In the case of multi-sheet diagrams, the representation is hierarchical. Note:  Above table contains only some commonly used and important Eeschema options. I haven’t covered all  of them.

RF Modules are commonly used for transmission of data over small distances. They do not need a line of sight unlike infrared sensors and can transmit data despite of any physical barriers between the transmitter and the receiver. These low band radio communication modules are extremely popular among electronics hobbyists and serious consumer product designers alike. This project is a demonstration of using RF transmission for controlling loads or appliances installed in a remote location. Since RF modules use low band radio frequencies and operate over small distances, this application can be utilized in a home or office environment for remote controlling appliances or electronic gadgets.

434 MHz RF Modules are commonly used in the electronics projects. These modules can transmit data at a rate of 1Kbps to 10Kbps and send or receive data over a distance of 50-60 metres.The module already has an impressive operational range which is suitable for most of the DIY projects. However, some projects may require transmitting data over a greater range.

RF Modules are low band radio frequency communication circuits that are used for transmission of digital data over small distances. Hence these modules are quite useful in making consumer electronics products or DIY projects for home or office environment. The 434 MHz RF module is a standard RF transmission product that is extremely popular and extensively used by hobbyists and the product engineers. Learn fundamental details about the RF communication and the basic setup of RF transmitter and receiver.These standard 434 MHz RF modules have a data rate of 1Kbps to 10Kbps. They can operate over a distance of 50 to 80 meters without any antenna

This electronics project is a modification of RC circuit by attaching an antenna to it and increasing the transmission power for increasing the RF range. RF Modules are extensively used by the electronics hobbyists. They are also used in large number of consumer electronics products. These modules are used for wireless data transmission and for implementing remote control systems. The 434 MHz RF module is the most commonly used module available in the markets. These modules are capable of transmitting 4-bit data at once at a data rate of 1Kbps to 10 Kbps. Learn about the RF transmission and basic setup of the RF transmitter and receiver modules.

RF Modules are commonly used wireless communication modules in embedded systems designs. The 434 MHz RF module is quite popular among many others available in the market. These are capable of transmitting 4-bit data or a set of four control signals at a time. Out of 12-bit serial data, which is transferred, 4 bits are dedicated to data while 8 bits are dedicated to the section’s (Transmitter or Receiver) identification address.This feature of RF modules allows application of a universal transmitter section in two different waysIn this case, the transmitter section has to be configured to have a fixed address byte and all the RF receiver sections are configured to have that same address byte.

The 434MHz RF modules are commonly used for wireless data transmission and remote controlling over a distance of few hundreds of metre. The RF transmitter and RF receiver pair with each other on the basis of their address bytes. If an RF transmitter and an RF receiver have same address byte, they are able to transmit and receive data respectively. Learn about the basic setup of RF transmitter and receiver and how radio communication happens over an RF module. The RF transmitter and RF receiver pair with each other on the basis of their address bytes. If an RF transmitter and an RF receiver have same address byte, they are able to transmit and receive data respectively. 

The 434 RF modules are capable of transmitting 4-bit data at a data rate of 1Kbps to 10Kbps. They can operate over an impressive range of 70 to 300 metre. These modules are widely used for remote controlling devices or other loads. First learn about the basic setup of RF transmitter and receiver and how the RF modules work.In a remote control application if loads or devices are directly interfaced to the RF receiver a maximum of 4 devices or loads can be controlled by the RF module. This is because a 4-bit data transmission allows only four control signal at the four data pins of the receiver’s decoder IC individually. 

Stadium lights consume a lot of electricity. They are high beam lights with high wattage rating. A lot of electricity can be saved by controlling the intensity of these lights manually or automatically. For controlling the intensity of light, the voltage supply to the lights need to be controlled. This project is a demonstration of…

In the previous tutorial, it has been already learnt how to connect a Zig-Bee module with a PC using FTDI USB to Serial converter cable or USB cable and an Arduino board and various AT commands were tested. In this tutorial, a Zig-Bee module will be used to read analog data and transmit it to another module. The Zig-Bee module comes with 6 Analog Input pins and 8 digital input output pins. Any analog input pin can be used to read analog voltage. For reading analog voltage, a reference voltage needs to be set for the module. The process of reading analog data from Zig-Bee module and passing the data to another module is called Analog I/O Line Passing.

The distance measurement project is very helpful project, which can be used in cars to avoid accidents, or in any distance monitoring systems in industry, and also can be used in liquid level indicators like fuel tanks in planes. This system consists of ultrasonic sensor with microcontroller and display. The sensor, display and circuit are connected with wires. So if it is required to place sensor and display at some distance (say 2-3 meter or more) then we have to make long wire connection. But in some systems it is required to monitor / measure distance from remote place. Like the sensor is connected in wireless robotic vehicle and we need to know the distance of any object around the vehicle at a remote place. In that case it is required to transmit the sensor output and display it on LCD at remote place. This is possible with the help of RF technology.

In the previous tutorial, Analog I/O Line Passing between two X-Bee modules was done. In this tutorial, X-Bee modules will be used to read and transmit digital data. The X-Bee modules are often used with the microcontrollers which may pass data to the module as digital data. Even the module itself is capable of sensing digital data from sensors and switches as it has 8 digital input/output pins. For reading or writing digital data, these pins or any of these pins can be configured to read or write operation.

In industries, intruder alarms plays vital role in security. Existing industrial intruder alarms are wire based and alarms are placed on the wall. In this system a big alarm with loud sound works as alert. If some intruder enters then alarm activates and produces loud siren. Now consider another system. What if alarm is in hand of the security guards? There is only one sensor but there are several hand held simple alert alarms one with each security guard. Then it will become advance and impressive security system. But this is not possible with existing wire based system. To achieve this we have to transmit one signal to several alarms at a time and for that we have to use RF wireless technology. The new thing in this project is, it uses only one intruder sensing system and activates lot of hand held alarms. Means only one transmitter activates several receivers at a time. 

There are two methods to increase transmission range of 434 MHz RF Tx module. 1. Increase applied input power – transmitted power2. Attach an antenna to Tx module In previous article I have explained first method. Please refer previous article of this series. In this session we will see another method. That means we will attach an antenna to Tx and Rx module. Antenna is a special type of transducer, which can convert alternating current in to radio frequency fields and vice versa. Transmitting antenna generates RF fields, and receiving antenna converts RF fields in to alternating current. 

There are many devices for visually impaired people. This project is also an attempt to develop an aid for visually impaired persons. This project is a smart stick which is capable of detecting any obstacle, detect water and corners and even allow the user to find the stick if anyhow missed by the user by pressing a remote switch.The device is designed with an intention to sort out common issues faced by the blind people while using traditional sticks. With the electronics embedded within the stick, it became a smart stick with the functionalities mentioned above. The smart stick is built on Arduino Pro Mini. This Arduino board is small enough to install on a regular stick and has buzzer, LDR sensor, Ultrasonic sensor and a water detector sensor interfaced to it.

Distance measurement is a part of the day to day life. Sometime, the size of a room need to be measured before shifting and adjusting furniture into it or the dimensions of a table need to be measured for selecting it for study. Measurement of distance is something that is often done in daily life. Usually, for measuring distances, a measuring tape is used. However, the use of measuring tape has certain disadvantages. First, it requires two persons to hold the measuring tape for taking a reading. Secondly, measuring tape requires careful alignment along the dimensions under measurement and the reading need to be taken carefully . Even sometimes measuring destination is not properly reachable or approachable. Considering these common disadvantages of the use of measuring tape, the idea of an ultrasonic distance measurer came up as a viable electronic solution for the problem. 

Gas leakage has been a cause of severe hazards. Many fire accidents in hotels, restaurants, and houses have been due to leakage of LPG gas. Though the leakage can be detected by the smell of the gas, many times it is not possible to sense a leakage straight forward. That is why, hotels, restaurants and even in houses, it is wise enough to install an LPG gas leakage detector.This project is an implementation of the same using MQ-6 gas sensor. The sensor is commonly used for detecting gas leakage for various applications. The device generates a visual alert using LED on detection of a dangerous leakage. It also opens an outlet by driving a servo motor so that the leaked gas could be evacuated. The device also keeps displaying the leakage amount on an LCD display.

Stadium lights consume a lot of electricity. They are high beam lights with high wattage rating. A lot of electricity can be saved by controlling the intensity of these lights manually or automatically. For controlling the intensity of light, the voltage supply to the lights needs to be controlled. This project is a demonstration of the same application. In this demo project instead of actual stadium lights, LED lights are used.A series of 8 LEDs are used to demonstrate intensity control functionality. For manual control of light intensity, a variable resistor is used and for automatic control of light intensity, an LDR sensor is used. The LEDs are connected in two series via 2N2222 transistor. The transistor acts as an amplifier whose output is driven by the voltage at its base pin. A set of two switches is used to set the automatic or manual mode of project’s operation.