MOSFET are more commonly used transistors. They are known for their high switching speed and high input impedance. That is why they are preferred to be used in the fabrication of integrated circuits and the high frequency application chips. Individual MOSFET are also widely used in lots of applications. Before using a MOSFET in a circuit, it is important to check if it is not faulty. In a defective MOSFET, the drain may get shorted to the gate. This can cause the drain voltage feedback to the gate terminal and this voltage then feed to the driver circuit through the gate resistor which can blow the driver circuit further. Therefore it is better to test the MOSFET before using it in the circuit. As N-channel MOSFET are more common so testing of N-channel MOSFET is only discussed in this tutorial.
Components Required -
Fig. 1: List of components required for MOSFET Tester
Testing Methods of MOSFET
There are two common methods of testing a MOSFET -
1) By using a measuring meter - In this method, the MOSFET is checked by using a multimeter or Ohmmeter. In this method again there are following three ways to check a faulty MOSFET -
I)Diode Test- It requires multimeter with diode mode
II)Resistance Test - It requires ohmmeter
III)By using ohmmeter and multimeter in diode mode
2) By using basic electronics components - In this method a test circuit is designed to check the working status of the MOSFET.
Diode Test
In this method, a multimeter with diode mode is requuired to test the MOSFET. As MOSFET has internal body diode, in N-channel MOSFET that body diode is from source to drain with anode at source and cathode at drain of the diode. In forward bias, the drop across the diode is very less depending upon the type of diode. In most of the MOSFETs, the forward drop across the diode is from 0.4 V to 0.9 V. In reverse bias, this diode acts like an open circuit or high resistance path. So, the MOSFET can be checked by examining the conductivity across this source-drain body diode. Follow the below steps to conduct the diode test -
1.For this test, set the multimeter in the diode mode.
2.For N- channel MOSFET, connect the red probe (positive) to the source and black one at the drain (common). The body diode is in forward bias condition this way. Now at multimeter, a reading in between 0.4 V to 0.9 V (as shown in figure below) must be obtained. If reading is zero or there is no reading then the MOSFET is defective.
Fig. 2: Circuit Diagram showing Voltage Drop across MOSFET in Forward Bias
3. By reversing the probes of the meter an open circuit condition should occur and no reading must appear on multimeter due to the reverse bias of diode (refer below figure). If the reading is not zero, the MOSFET is defective.
Fig. 3: Circuit Diagram showing Zero Volt Drop across MOSFET in Reverse Bias
Resistance Test
In this method an ohmmeter is required. The MOSFET drain to source (Rds) resistance is very high (in mega ohms) when no triggering pulse is applied to its gate terminal. So, this feature of MOSFET can be utilized for testing a faulty MOSFET. Follow the below steps to conduct the resistance test -
1. A good MOSFET should have high resistance (Rds) from drain to source irrespective of the polarity of the meter probes.
2. Set the meter to its resistance mode or use an ohmmeter and check the drain to source resistance. The reading should have resistance in mega ohms(as shown in figure below). Check the MOSFET datasheet to verify its drain to source resistance (Rds) in off state and compare it with observed value of Rds (off).
Fig. 4: Circuit Diagram showing High Drain to Source Resistance across MOSFET
3. If the value of drain to source resistance (Rds(off)) comes out to be zero or less than that specified in its datasheet, the MOSFET is defective
Checking MOSFET using ohmmeter and multimeter in diode mode
In this method, the MOSFET is checked by triggering its Gate terminal. When the gate of the MOSFET is triggered, the drain to source resistance(Rds) of MOSFET goes very low (mega ohms to ohms) depending upon the type of MOSFET. The MOSFET can be triggered by multimeter, as the meter is having a battery inside it. So it acts like a power source when it is set at diode mode. But before triggering the MOSFET, ensure that the threshold voltage (Vth or Vgs) of the MOSFET is not too large which multimeter unable to provide. Follow the below steps to conduct this test -
1. Check the drain to source resistance by the resistance test mentioned above. Note the drain to source resistance, Rds(off) for reference.
2. Trigger the MOSFET by setting the multimeter at diode mode then fix the meter black (negative) probe to the drain and touch the red one momentarily to the gate. This should trigger the gate (as shown in figure below). The MOSFET must turns ON by this.
Fig. 5: Circuit Diagram showing Triggering of the Gate of MOSFET
3. Take an ohmmeter and check the drain to source resistance, Rds(on). This time the reading should be very low (zero or approximately zero) than the previous Rds(off) reading (as shown in figure below). This will confirm that the MOSFET is in good condition. Refer to the datasheet of the MOSFET in case to check the value of drain to source resistance in on condition, Rds(on) and compare it with the observed value. If the observed value has much variation with that specified by the datasheet, the MOSFET is faulty.
Fig. 6: Circuit Diagram showing Low Drain to Source Resistance (Rds) of MOSFET in On Condition
4. If the reading is the same as the Rds(off), then also MOSFET is faulty.
5. If the value of drain to source resistance in on condition, Rds (on) is as per the value specified in the datasheet then, for further testing, discharge the MOSFET by shorting the gate and drain by using finger or by using any jumper wire.
6. Again check the drain to source resistance (Rds) by the resistance method. The reading should be equal to the previous reading of drain to source resistance in off condition, Rds(off). If the reading is less than the previous Rds (off) reading, then also MOSFET is defective.
Testing MOSFET using basic electronic components
This method of testing is one of the best and accurate ways for checking a MOSFET. For conducting this test, first of all, assemble a circuit as shown below -
Fig. 7: Circuit Diagram for MOSFET Testing
Follow the below steps to conduct this test -
1.Apply a gate trigger pulse through the resistance R1 with a push button.
2.There is an LED connected to the load (shown as resistance R3) for visual indication when MOSFET is turned ON and OFF.
3.In the circuit, the gate to source resistance of the MOSFET (Rgs) acts like a pull-down resistance as well as it discharges the parasitic capacitance of the MOSFET which protects the MOSFET from any damage.
4.Initially, the push button is in its normal state, therefore, the gate is not connected to the power supply. In this state, the drain to source resistance is very high as checked by the resistance test. So the LED at load should not turn ON (as shown in figure below). This indicates that MOSFET is in OFF state. If the LED is glowing, the MOSFET is faulty.
Fig. 8: Circuit Diagram showing LED in OFF state before triggering the Gate
5.When the button is pressed, the gate is triggered and this makes the drain to source resistance very low approximating to zero ohms. So the load should get all the voltage drop across it and this should turn ON the LED. This will indicate that MOSFET is in ON state and working properly (as shown in figure below). If the LED remains in OFF state that means the MOSFET is defective.
Fig. 9: Circuit Diagram showing LED in ON state after triggering the Gate
6.When the button is released then the gate discharges through the gate to source resistance (Rgs) and the LED should again turn OFF. If it does not turn off then the MOSFET is faulty.
7.In this test circuit, LED consumes around 20 mA current which is sufficient enough for decent brightness of the LED. For limiting the current a current limiter resistance must be connected in series to it. The load resistance work as the current limiter resistance in the circuit.
The value of this resistance can be calculated as follow -
(Input voltage of LED), Vin= 5V
As per the ohms law, Vin= IL* RL
desired current for LED, IL= 20mA
By putting all the values,
5 = 0.02* RL
RL = 250E
As per the availability, a resistance of 220E is taken for the current limiting resistor. So,
RL = 220E
While testing the MOSFET using the test circuit, following precautions must be taken care of -
1. The input power supply to the gate must be greater than or equal to the threshold voltage (Vgs(the)) of the MOSFET otherwise, it will not turn ON the MOSFET. For this refer the datasheet of the MOSFET in case.
2. Do not exceed the input voltage (drain voltage and gate voltage) of MOSFET greater than its breakdown voltage as it can damage the MOSFET.
3. Normally the current requirement of the LED is 20 mA (approx.). So, choose the appropriate current limiter resistor (RL) so that it can provide enough current to drive the LED ON.
4. Always use a gate to source resistance to avoid any external noise at the gate and to discharge the parasitic capacitance of the MOSFET. Otherwise, MOSFET can get damaged as this parasitic capacitor will keep on charging and will exceed the limit of the gate to source breakdown voltage.
5. Always use a low value of resistor (10E to 500E) at the gate of the MOSFET. This will solve the problem of ringing (parasitic oscillations) and voltage spike in the MOSFET.
6. When testing the MOSFET by the test circuit method, use low side switching circuit (as in the circuit diagram above). Do not use high side switching circuit for MOSFET as it will never turn ON the MOSFET and then the defective MOSFET can be checked.
Fig. 10: Prototype of MOSFET Test Circuit
In the next tutorial, bootstrap circuit for driving the high side MOSFET will be discussed.
