Featured Contributions

Note: it’s recommended to follow this VHDL tutorial series in order, starting with the first tutorial. In the previous tutorial, we designed a clocked SR latch circuits using VHDL (which is a very high-speed integrated circuit hardware description language). For this project, we will: Write a VHDL program to build a D flip-flop circuit Verify the…

In the previous tutorial VHDL tutorial, we designed an 8-bit parity generator and 8-bit parity checker circuits using VHDL. (If you are not following this VHDL tutorial series one by one, you are requested to go through all previous tutorials of these series before going ahead in this tutorial) In this tutorial, We shall write…

In the previous tutorial VHDL tutorial, we designed 8×3 encoder and 3×8 decoder circuits using VHDL. (If you are not following this VHDL tutorial series one by one, you are requested to go through all previous tutorials of these series before going ahead in this tutorial) In this tutorial, We shall write a VHDL program…

Note: it’s recommended to follow this VHDL tutorial series in order, starting with the first tutorial. In the previous tutorial, VHDL tutorial – 14, we designed two circuits using VHDL: a 1×8 de-multiplexer and a 8×1 multiplexer. In this project, we will, Write a VHDL program to build a clocked SR Latch (flip-flop) circuit Verify the…

Note: it’s recommended to follow this VHDL tutorial series in order, starting with the first tutorial. In the previous tutorial – VHDL tutorial 16 – we designed a D flip-flop circuit by using VHDL. For this project, we will: Write a VHDL program to build a JK flip-flop circuit Verify the output waveform of the program…

Note: it’s recommended to follow this VHDL tutorial series in order, starting with the first tutorial. In previous tutorial, VHDL tutorial – 17, we designed a JK flip-flop circuit by using VHDL. For this project, we will: Write a VHDL program to build the T flip-flop circuit Verify the output waveform of the program (the digital…

This is the Article to introduce the Timer programming of ARM Cortex-M3 LPC1768 Microcontroller. Here we are going to initialize the timer peripheral in LPC1768. Timer will improve the way of usage of any microcontroller. In this tutorial we are going to set up two timers which will blink two LEDs according to the setting of the timers. Setting up the Environment for the development of ARM cortex M3 is well discussed in this article.

In the previous tutorial, the basics of Wireless Sensor Networks were discussed. It was mentioned that WSN can utilize many wireless standards and protocols to enable sensor communication with a cloud or server. It was also mentioned that wireless sensors communicate to a cloud or server with the help of a Gateway which performs protocol conversion for the wireless network. Zigbee is one of the standard and protocol which is generally used for WSN deployed in industrial applications.  

In the previous tutorial, Zigbee technology and its application in building Wireless Sensor Networks was discussed. In this tutorial, learn to perform simple Client to Client Communication over Zigbee Protocol. There will be two Xbee modules taken and will be configured to communicate data with each other over the air. The Xbee devices communicate with each other wirelessly over the air. They do not have any microcontroller or processor in themselves, so they cannot manage the received or sent data.

In the previous tutorial, communication between two PCs was setup over Zigbee Protocol using Xbee modules and XCTU software. In this tutorial, two Xbee module based IoT devices will be designed and configured to communicate with each other over Zigbee protocol. One of these devices in the Zigbee network will be a Coordinator device and the other will be a Router device. The coordinator device will control LED interfaced at the Router device. 

In the previous tutorial, IoT communication between two devices over Zigbee protocol was demonstrated using two Xbee modules. The two modules were communicating with each other automatically without any human intervention. The two modules were also operating in transparent mode in the previous project.  In this project, an LED light controller is designed where one device controls the LED interfaced at other by communicating data in API mode. In this tutorial, two Xbee module based IoT devices will be designed and configured to communicate with each other over Zigbee protocol

The Internet of Things have specific network requirements. The traditional TCP/IP protocols usually do not fit to these requirements. That is why there are many protocols designed especially to cater the requirements of IoT applications. Within the IoT domain, sensor networks are one of the applications which are designed using constraint devices and are characterized by limited network bandwidth. A variant of MQTT protocol has been designed for these networks which is called MQTT-SN (MQTT for Sensor Networks).  

In the previous tutorial, basics of MQTT-SN protocol were discussed. It was mentioned that an MQTT-SN Gateway needs to communicate with an MQTT-SN Broker. The MQTT-SN brokers are little different from MQTT Brokers. Really Small Message Broker is one of the popular MQTT-SN brokers. Really small message broker (aka RSMB) is a light-weight, low-overhead messaging MQ telemetry transport broker (version 3 or 3.1) or MQTT-SN broker. It is a pub/sub based broker. It allows messaging to and from tiny devices such as sensors and actuators over networks that are constrained in terms of low bandwidth, limited processing capabilities and varying reliability. 

A constant current source is used to provide a constant current regardless of the input voltage and output load. These type of circuits are also used as a current limiter. Most electronic devices have a maximum current rating and if current above that rating is drawn by it, the device may get damaged or not work properly. Therefore a lot of times constant current power supplies are required to operate electronic devices. In this project, an adjustable constant current source which supplies 25 mA constant current at the output regardless of load resistance and the input voltage is designed.

In the previous tutorial, we learned we need the following hardware and software tools to build any application using ATtiny85. Arduino IDE software USB SPI AVR programmer PROGISP software So let us build the first LED blinking, “hello world” application for the ATtiny85 microcontroller. Open Arduino IDE. Open LED blinking example from file->example->basic->blink Modify the…

This tutorial is a part of series of tutorials on pwm(pulse width modulation) signal generation with stm32f103 microcontroller. Previously we looked upon how to generate pwm signal with stm32 microcontroller using keil uvision 5 ide and stm32cubemx code configurator. We moved forward on generating variable pwm signal using internal timers of stm32f103 microcontroller. We studied about generating pwm, now…

In this tutorial i am going to teach you how to control speed of dc motor using stm32 microcontroller and l293d half h bridge control ic. Dc motors are common motors you see in your houses(DC water pumps, DC fans), toys etc. DC motors rotate at a constant speed but their speed can be varied…

In this project I’ll demonstrate swapping of workspace in ubuntu using accelerometer and python script. I am using wmctrl command that will take arguments according to the accelerometer values.On hardware level this project is similar to Controlling Mouse Pointer using Python Script and Accelerometer you can check it out here.Python libraries that are being used are Pyserial, subprocess and sys. Pyserial is used to communicate between arduino and my machine. Subprocess is used to execute bash commands in python script and sys is used to exit program using try and except block. 

An amplifier is a circuit which can produce an output voltage, which is the product of input voltage with a value called voltage gain. An op-amp (operational amplifier) is a kind of amplifier circuit which can perform an operation (addition, subtraction etc.) on the input voltages, apart from simply amplifying the input. It is an electronic…

Features of inverting and non-inverting pins The dependency of the output with the inverting and non-inverting pin can be simply explained as below, If the inverting pin is high compared to other pin, the output is negative If the non-inverting pin is high compared to other pin, the output is positive   This pecularity of…