How to use inbuilt ADC of AVR microcontroller (ATmega16)- (Part 26/46)

Microcontroller understands only digital language. However, the inputs available from the environment to the microcontroller are mostly analog in nature, i.e., they vary continuously with time. In order to understand the inputs by the digital processor, a device called Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) is used. As the name suggests this peripheral gathers the analog information supplied from the environment and converts it to the controller understandable digital format, microcontroller then processes the information and provides the desired result at the output end.

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ATmega16 has an inbuilt 10 bit, 8-channel ADC system. Some of the basic features of Armega16 ADC are:

· 8 Channels.

· 10-bit Resolution.

· Input voltage range of 0 to Vcc.

· Selectable 2.56V of internal Reference voltage source.

· AREF pin for External Reference voltage.

· ADC Conversion Complete Interrupt.

ADC channels in Atmega16 are multiplexed with PORTA and use the common pins (pin33 to pin40) with PORTA. ADC system of Atmega16 microcontroller consists of following pins:

i. ADC0-ADC7: 8 Channels from Pin 40 to Pin 33 of Atmega16 ADC peripheral.

ii. AREF: Pin32 of Atmega16 microcontroller, the voltage on AREF pin acts as the reference voltage for ADC conversion, reference voltage is always less than or equal to the supply voltage, i.e., Vcc.

iii. AVCC: Pin30, this pin is the supply voltage pin for using PORTA and the ADC; AVCC pin must be connected to Vcc (microcontroller supply voltage) to use PORTA and ADC.

Note: External reference voltage source can be used at AREF pin. However, Atmega16 also has internal reference voltage options of 2.56V and Vref = Vcc.

The figure below shows the pin configuration for ADC system of Atmega16 microcontroller.

Fig. 2: Pin numbers of ADC in ATmega16 AVR microcontroller

ADC Registers

To use the ADC peripheral of Atmega16, certain registers need to be configured.

i. ADMUX (ADC Multiplexer And Selection Register)

Fig. 3: Bit Values of ADC Multiplexer And Selection Register to configure ADC Peripheral in AVR

REFS[0:1] bits determine the source of reference voltage whether it is internal or the external voltage source connected to AREF pin. MUX[4:0] bits are used to select between the channels which will provide data to ADC for conversion. ADLAR bit when set to 1 gives the left adjusted result in data registers ADCH and ADCL.

ii. ADCSRA (ADC Control and Status Register)

Fig. 4: Bit Configuration of ADC Control and Status Register in AVR micro-controller

ADEN: ADC Enable bit, this bit must be set to 1 for turning ADC on.

ADSC: ADC Start Conversion bit, this bit is set to 1 to start ADC conversion, as soon as conversion is completed this bit is set back to 0 by the hardware.

ADATE: ADC Auto Trigger Enable, this bit is set to 1 to enable auto triggering of ADC conversion.

ADIF: ADC Interrupt Flag, this bit is set to 1 when ADC conversion gets complete.

ADIE: ADC Interrupt Enable, this bit is set to 1 if we want to activate the ADC conversion complete interrupt.

ADPS[0:2]: ADC Prescaler bits, these bits are used to set the ADC clock frequency, the configuration of these bits determine the division factor by which the microcontroller clock frequency is divided to get the ADC clock frequency. The figure above shows the prescaler bit values for respective division factor.

Fig. 5: Equation of ADC Clock Frequency

The ADC clock frequency must lie somewhere between 50 KHz to 200 KHz.

iii. ADCH & ADCL (ADC Data Registers)

When the ADC conversion is complete the data is stored in these two registers. The data configuration depends on the ADLAR bit value of ADMUX register. If ADLAR=0, data is right adjusted and if ADLAR=1, data is left adjusted. Always read ADCL first and then ADCH. In cases where the 8-bit precision is enough set the ADLAR bit to 1 to left adjust the data and read only the ADCH data register.

When ADLAR = 0,

Fig. 6: Bit Configuration of ADC Data Register at ADLAR=0 in ATmega16 AVR microcontroller

When ADLAR = 1,

Fig. 7: Bit Configuration of ADC Data Register at ADLAR=1 in ATmega16 AVR microcontroller

Circuit description

Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. A ceramic capacitor 104 is connected in between AVcc (pin 30) and Aref (pin 32). AVcc (pin 30) is connected to external supply +5V.

Code explanation

To interface analog device with AVR microcontroller, follow the following steps for programming it.

Step1: To initialize ADC

i. Set the value in ADMUX register according to the ADC channel and the reference voltage.

ii. Set the Prescaler bits accordingly in ADCSRA register.

iii. Set the ADEN bit to enable the ADC.

void ADC_init(void) // Initialization of ADC

{

ADMUX=(1<<REFS0); // AVcc with external capacitor at AREF

ADCSRA=(1<<ADEN)|(1<<ADPS2)|(1<<ADPS1)|(1<<ADPS0);

// Enable ADC and set Prescaler division factor as 128

}

Step2: To read the analog value

i. Put the channel value in ADMUX

ii. Start the conversion by setting the ADSC bit.

iii. Monitor the ADIF bit for conversion complete.

iv. Clear the conversion bit ADIF. By writing it 1.

v. Digital converted result is now available in ADCH and ADCL registers.

unsigned int ADC_read(unsigned char ch)

{

ch= ch & 0b00000111; // channel must be b/w 0 to 7

ADMUX |= ch; // selecting channel

ADCSRA|=(1<<ADSC); // start conversion

while(!(ADCSRA & (1<<ADIF))); // waiting for ADIF, conversion complete

ADCSRA|=(1<<ADIF); // clearing of ADIF, it is done by writing 1 to it

return (ADC);

}

Project Source Code

###


//Program for ADC to read from channel 0 and show the 8 bit o/p on PORTB
 
#include<avr/io.h>
#include<util/delay.h>
 
void ADC_init(void);
unsigned int ADC_read(unsigned char);
 
// ------------------------------------------------
int main(void)
{
unsigned int value;
DDRB=0xFF;
DDRD=0x03;
ADC_init(); // Initialization of ADC
// ch=0;
while(1)
{
value=ADC_read(0);
PORTB=value;
_delay_ms(500);
} 
}
//------------------------------------------------
 
void ADC_init(void) // Initialization of ADC
{
ADMUX=(1<<REFS0); // AVcc with external capacitor at AREF
ADCSRA=(1<<ADEN)|(1<<ADPS2)|(1<<ADPS1)|(1<<ADPS0); 
// Enable ADC and set Prescaler division factor as 128
}
 
unsigned int ADC_read(unsigned char ch)
{
ch= ch & 0b00000111; // channel must be b/w 0 to 7
ADMUX |= ch; // selecting channel
 
ADCSRA|=(1<<ADSC); // start conversion
while(!(ADCSRA & (1<<ADIF))); // waiting for ADIF, conversion complete
ADCSRA|=(1<<ADIF); // clearing of ADIF, it is done by writing 1 to it
 
return (ADC);
}
 
###