What is a stepper motor?
A Stepper Motor or a step motor is a brushless, synchronous motor which divides a full rotation into a number of steps. Unlike a brushless DC motor which rotates continuously when a fixed DC voltage is applied to it, a step motor rotates in discrete step angles. The Stepper Motors therefore are manufactured with steps per revolution of 12, 24, 72, 144, 180, and 200, resulting in stepping angles of 30, 15, 5, 2.5, 2, and 1.8 degrees per step. The stepper motor can be controlled with or without feedback.
Fig. 1: An Image Of Commonly Used Brushless DC Stepper Motor
How a stepper motor works?
Stepper motors work on the principle of electromagnetism. There is a soft iron or magnetic rotor shaft surrounded by the electromagnetic stators. The rotor and stator have poles which may be teethed or not depending upon the type of stepper. When the stators are energized the rotor moves to align itself along with the stator (in case of a permanent magnet type stepper) or moves to have a minimum gap with the stator (in case of a variable reluctance stepper). This way the stators are energized in a sequence to rotate the stepper motor. Get more information about working of stepper motors through interesting images at the stepper motor Insight.
Fig. 2: General Overview Of Internal Structure And Working Of Typical Stepper Motor
Types of Stepper Motor
By construction the step motors come into three broad classes:
1. Permanent Magnet Stepper
2. Variable Reluctance Stepper
3. Hybrid Step Motor
These three types have been explained in detail in the following sections.
Type1: Permanent Magnet
1. Permanent Magnet Stepper :
The rotor and stator poles of a permanent magnet stepper are not teethed. Instead the rotor have alternative north and south poles parallel to the axis of the rotor shaft.
Fig. 3: Crossectional Diagram Of Two Phase Permanent Stepper Motor
When a stator is energized, it develops electromagnetic poles. The magnetic rotor aligns along the magnetic field of the stator. The other stator is then energized in the sequence so that the rotor moves and aligns itself to the new magnetic field. This way energizing the stators in a fixed sequence rotates the stepper motor by fixed angles.
Fig. 4: Diagram Explaining Working Of Permanent Magnet Stepper Motor
The resolution of a permanent magnet stepper can be increased by increasing number of poles in the rotor or increasing the number of phases.
Fig. 5: Figure Showing Ways To Increase Resolution Of Permanent Magnet Stepper Motor
Type2: Variable Reluctance
2. Variable reluctance stepper :
The variable reluctance stepper has a toothed non-magnetic soft iron rotor. When the stator coil is energized the rotor moves to have a minimum gap between the stator and its teeth.
Fig. 6: Basic Diagram Of Two-Phase Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor
The teeth of the rotor are designed so that when they are aligned with one stator they get misaligned with the next stator. Now when the next stator is energized, the rotor moves to align its teeth with the next stator. This way energizing stators in a fixed sequence completes the rotation of the step motor.
Fig. 7: Diagram Explaining Working Of Variable Reluctance Stepper
The resolution of a variable reluctance stepper can be increased by increasing the number of teeth in the rotor and by increasing the number of phases.
Fig. 8: Figure Showing Ways To Increase Resolution Of Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor
Type3: Hybrid
3. Hybrid stepper :
A hybrid stepper is a combination of both permanent magnet and the variable reluctance. It has a magnetic teethed rotor which better guides magnetic flux to preferred location in the air gap.
Fig. 9: Construction Of Two phase Hybrid Motor
The magnetic rotor has two cups. One for north poles and second for the south poles. The rotor cups are designed so that that the north and south poles arrange in alternative manner. Check out the insight of a Hybrid Stepper Motor.
Fig. 10: Diagram Showing Internal Structure Of Magnetic Rotor In Hybrid Motor
The Hybrid motor rotates on same principle of energizing the stator coils in a sequence.
Fig. 11: Diagram Explaining Working Of Hybrid Stepper Motor
Types of Wiring
Types of Winding and Lead-out
The step motors are mostly two phase motors. These can be unipolar or bipolar. In unipolar step motor there are two winding per phase. The two winding to a pole may have one lead common i.e. centre tapped. The unipolar motor so, have five, six or eight leads. In the designs where the common of two poles are separate but centre tapped, motor have six leads. If the centre taps of the two poles are internally short, the motor has five leads. Eight lead unipolar facilitates both series and parallel connection whereas five lead and six lead motors have series connection of stator coils. The unipolar motor simplifies the operation because in operating them there is no need to reverse the current in the driving circuit. These are also called bifilar motors.
Fig. 12: Wiring Diagram Of Unipolar Stepper Motor With Diffrent Leads
In bipolar stepper there is single winding per pole. The direction of current need to be changed by the driving circuit so the driving circuit of the bipolar stepper becomes complex. These are also called unifilar motors.
Fig. 13: Wiring Diagram Of Bipolar Stepper Motor With Lead Outs
Stepping Modes
There are three stepping modes of a stepper motor. The stepping mode refers to the pattern of sequence in which stator coils are energized.
1. Wave drive (One phase ON at a time)
2. Full drive (Two phase ON at a time)
3. Half drive (One and two phase ON at a time)
1. Wave drive :
In wave drive stepping mode only one phase is energized at a time.
Fig. 14: Wave Drive Stepping Mode Pattern In Stepper Motor
2. Full Drive :
In full drive, two phases are energized at a time.
Fig. 15:Full Drive Stepping Mode pattern In Stepper Motor
3. Half Drive :
In half drive, alternately one and two phases are energized. This increases the resolution of the motor.
Fig. 16: Half Drive Stepping Mode Pattern In Stepper Motor
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