Rainbows have always fascinated human curiosity. The appearance of various colors in the sky out of basically nothing was something science had been trying to understand from a very early stage. It was when Newton discovered the visible spectrum that other scientist got some firm footing to explore the deep chasms on the edges of the visible spectrum. The visible spectrum is just a small fraction of wide electromagnetic spectra which extends both above and below it, much beyond the ocular limits of the human eye. When scientists started experimenting with the infrared light, they realized that there was an immense potential in this particular band for seeing things much beyond the realms of visible spectrum, owing to its greater penetrability and thermal properties. Infrared imaging evolved as a result of continual effort towards harnessing the power of infrared.
Bank Security System
BACKGROUND One day at the evening time I was talking with my uncle on telephone. He asked me some question base on my learning means what are you learning? which type of engineering are you doing? He ask me that have you made something new during your engineering? That time I don’t have any answer. But…
Sensors: Different Types of Sensors
Sensors are sophisticated devices that are frequently used to detect and respond to electrical or optical signals. A sensor converts the physical parameter (for example: temperature, blood pressure, humidity, speed, etc.) into a signal which can be measured electrically.Sensor can be defined as an element that senses in one form of energy to produce a variant in same or another form of energy. Transducer converts the measurand into the desired output using the transduction principle.There are various types of sensors like temperature sensor, IR sensor, touch, sensor, motion detectors, biosensor, accelerometer and many more. There are certain features which have to be considered while choosing a sensor.
Infrared (IR) sensor using LM358
This project and its circuit are one of the most basic and popular sensor modules. In electronics, this sensor is analogous to human’s visionary senses which can [[wysiwyg_imageupload::]]be used to detect an obstacle which is one of its common applications. In robotics, a group of such modules are used so that a robot can follow a line pattern. This circuit is made using these components: LM358 IC,IR Transmitter and Receiver Pair, Resistors of the range of Kilo ohms, Variable Resistors and LED. The transmitter part of the sensor project is an Infrared (IR) Led which transmits continuous IR rays to be received by an IR receiver. The output of the receiver varies depending upon its reception of IR rays. Since this variation cannot be analyzed as such, therefore this output can be fed to a comparator. Here operational amplifier (op-amp) of LM 339 is used as comparator.
Intruder alarm / Burglar alarm based Home Security System
This electronic device is designed to alert the user to an intrusion. The project consists of a sensor and a control unit which are connected to each other. The [[wysiwyg_imageupload::]]sensor detects the interruption whenever an object or person comes between its transmitter and receiver. This interruption results in a signal generation which is supplied to a speaker. This way whenever an intrusion takes place, the speaker goes on. Such devices are installed at various locations in houses or offices, especially near doors, windows.In this project, the transmitter part of the circuit is an Infrared (IR) Led which transmits continuous IR rays to be received by IR receiver. The reception of rays at IR receiver results in high voltage at the output. The output of this IR sensor remains low when no signal is received. Keep on reading to find out how the circuit is constructed and what makes it work.
Long range IR using transistor and 555 timer astable mode
The commonly used IR transmitter has a limited range. This circuit based project can be used to increase its range. This is achieved by amplifying the signal [[wysiwyg_imageupload::]]which is fed to the IR Led for transmission.Major function in assisting IR LED to increase its range is carried out by two devices: BC 547and a NE555 Timer.BC 547 is a NPN transistor which is generally used in common emitter configuration for switching and amplification purposes. In the circuit, the transistor works in its usual configuration and is using a voltage divider procedure for biasing.NE555 is a popular 555 timer used for several applications as it generates pulses of accurate width. It can be operated in monostable and astable modes.
Music (Data) transfer by IR by amplification
The circuit of this project is an improved version of the circuit Sound/Voice transmission through IR. The disadvantage of the earlier circuit is the small range. [[wysiwyg_imageupload::]]This circuit has a better range as it uses a better transmitter with an additional amplifying unit before transmitting the electrical signals through IR LED.The transmitter part of this circuit is made using a microphone, BC 547 transistors, op-amp, resistors and capacitors. Added to this the aforementioned IR LED which finally transmits the data (in the case: music) to the receiver.On the other hand, the receiver section uses a TDA 2007 IC which is a dual power audio amplifier. It is aided by a receiver diode, a few capacitors, resistors and speakers. Keep on reading to find out how the circuit is constructed and how it works.
Music (Data) transfer by IR and Audio Amplifier TDA2007
A lot of application needs wireless transmission of sound/voice signals. This interesting circuit based project presents a mechanism to transmit voice/sound signals [[wysiwyg_imageupload::]]on a wireless medium. The transmission takes place through IR. The circuit can be described in two parts: transmitting unit and the receiving unitThe transmitting unit consists of a sound sensor (condenser mic) which converts the sound signal captured into weak electrical signals and an amplifying circuit to amplify the weak signals. The amplified signals are given to an IR LED for transmission.These signals are received by the IR receiver in the receiving unit and amplified using a sound amplifier IC TDA 2007. The output is then fed to the speaker. Keep on reading to find out how the circuit is constructed and how it works.
IR Remote Control System
This one is the best IR remote control because it nullifies all the drawbacks of all above remotes. Micro-controller is used on both the sides so transmitter as well as receiver both is programmable. Maximum 64 different functions can be utilized with this IRRCS. Some of the applications that I have implemented using this IRRCS…
8 channel IR remote with SM5021B & SM5032C Chips
This is single chip remote because transmitter and receiver are made up of single chip SM5021B and SM5032C respectively. Both chips are perfectly design for IR remote system by “Samhop microelectronics corp.”. It is an 8 channel remote with 2 inbuilt on/off controls & 6 pulse outputs. Before starting the project first go through the datasheets of…
IR Remote Control for Home Appliances
This is first and most popular application of multichannel IR remote control where microcontroller 89C51 is used to switch ON/OFF four different home appliances (like tubelight, bulb, night lamp etc.). One can connect any device which has ON/OFF operation and which works on available domestic supply. The figure in circuit diagram tab1 shows circuit diagram of…
IR Remote for Toycar
This is a small but very interesting and funny project. We all may have played with the toy motorcar in our childhood. Now a days the toys which are available in the market are more attractive and more advance. One of the most interesting toy is remote-controlled motorcar or motorbike. The market price of such…
IR Remote Switch
This is a single channel IR remote control switch. If you are a beginner or interested in small, easy and cheap remote control then this is the best one. This may be the easiest remote control to build. Using this remote control you can operate (ON/OFF) a single device from a remote place. Device may…