Lock bits are set of bits to enable or disable some special security features of a microcontroller. For example, in some cases you might want to disable the memory read functionality of the microcontroller, so that the code you have written cannot be stolen by others. The number of lock bits and their functionality is…

This tutorial explains how to write the content in the microcontroller’s flash memory. The source microcontroller writes some values in the memory of the target microcontroller. The values that have been written can be checked by reading the buffer of the target microcontroller using a programmer. The values are nothing but the machine language instruction…

This tutorial explains how to read the content of the microcontroller’s flash memory. The source microcontroller reads the content of the memory and displays it on the LEDs. The content is nothing but the program written in the memory of microcontroller. This step is often used to verify whether microcontroller has been correctly programmed or…

  The Signature Byte is a unique sequence of bytes which are used to identify the chip. It is written in the memory of the chip during the manufacturing process and cannot be changed. These memory locations are read only. Every chip manufactured by a company with the same number has the same signature byte.…

  This is the first operation that needs to be performed on the target microcontroller. It is assumed that the target microcontroller has some code in its flash memory. If it does not has any content, write any program in the memory using a programmer. Whenever the flash memory of the chip is erased successfully,…

  Everyone in their daily life has been using microcontrollers knowingly or unknowingly embedded in machines like cars, TV, refrigerator, washing machine, etc. Many of you know the capabilities of microcontrollers and have worked with it. You should have programmed it using different programmers by manufacturers. Have you ever thought how does a programmer work?…