Arduino boards have a built-in analog comparator used for different applications. This is noteworthy because digital input/output and pulse width modulation (PWM) are typically used while analog comparators are not.  A built-in analog comparator is useful in microcontrollers, providing voltage comparisons, digital-to-analog conversions, threshold detection, and PWM.  Depending on the Arduino board (there are several…

In the previous three tutorials of this series, we saw how to vary the intensity (brightness) of LED and DC motor speed using the PWM output of ATtiny85. In all those previous tutorials, we used only one PWM output, but now we shall simultaneously use three PWM outputs of ATtiny85. ATtiny85 has three PWM outputs…

STMicroelectronics’ STGAP2SiCSN single-channel gate driver, optimized to control silicon-carbide MOSFETs, now comes in a space-saving, narrow-body SO-8 package and delivers reliable performance with accurate PWM control. As SiC technology becomes widely adopted to boost power-conversion efficiency, the STGAP2SiCSN simplifies design, saves space, and enhances robustness and reliability in energy-conscious power systems, drives, and controls. Applications include…

By Krupa Bhavsar, Applications Engineer, Dialog Semiconductor Sine waves are continuous waves, which describe a smooth periodic oscillation. These waves are generally used in signal processing and engineering fields In this article, dual sine waves with opposite polarity as shown in Figure 1 are generated without coarse PWM “steps”. For generating sine waves, one PWM…

RGB-LED is widely used to generate different colour Lights in Interior Decoration, Electronic Appliances, Automobiles, etc.This article deals with Arduino to get various colours with RGB LED and show the transition from one colour to another. 

Voice signals are continuous analog signals and the analog circuits or systems can only handle the voice signals without changing their continuity feature. There come situations in which the analog voice signals need to be applied as the input to simple digital microcontrollers. The digital devices like microcontrollers cannot handle the continuous analog signals. Most of the microcontrollers have an ADC module which can do analog to digital conversion. The microcontroller uses sampling technique to convert the continuous analog signals to discrete digital equivalent samples. The digital microcontrollers based devices cannot produce analog output also, since their output will be always either logic high or logic low. To generate the effect of the continuous analog signal at any output device connected to the microcontroller, they use a technique called PWM (Pulse Width Modulation). In this project the sampling and reproduction of voice signal is demonstrated with the help of GR SAKURA board. 

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a technique in which the width of a pulse is modulated keeping the time period of the wave constant. One cycle has a fixed time period called ‘Period’ and a varying on time called ‘Duty cycle’. The entire wave can have two voltages levels either logic 0 or logic 1. The PWM wave is very useful in the digital systems, since this can be used to generate different voltage values other than the logic 0 or logic 1 values.  This feature is making use in so many digital systems like DC motor control, audio devices, simple decoration light controls etc.The PIC18F4550 has an inbuilt PWM module which can generate continuous PWM waves. The Period and the duty cycle of the PWMwave can be adjusted in program. This project explores the PWM module of the PIC18F4550 and tries to glow an LED with varying intensities, which shows that it is possible to generate any required voltage at a pin of a digital microcontroller with the help of PWM waves. 

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a technique in which the width of a pulse is modulated keeping the time period of the wave constant. The ON time and OFF time can have any different values in the wave cycles, but the sum of the ON time and OFF time remains same for the entire cycles. PWM is a digital wave that can be generated using digital circuits which are not capable of generating analog voltages. With the help of the modulation of the width of a pulse in a period of the wave, they can generate any required voltage with the help of a proper filter circuits. The filter circuits are used for generating the voltage corresponding to a modulated wave. This feature of the PWM wave is making use in so many digital systems like DC motor control, audio devices, simple decoration light controls etc. The PIC18F4550 has an inbuilt PWM module which can generate continuous PWM waves. This project explores the PWM module of the PIC18F4550 and tries generating a sine wave with frequency in the audible range and then produce that sound in a Loud Speaker with the help of a filter circuit and Loud Speaker driver circuits.  

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a technique in which the width of a pulse is modulated keeping the time period of the wave constant. The ON time and OFF time can have any different values in the wave cycles, but the sum of the ON time and OFF time remains same for the entire cycles. PWM is a digital wave that can be generated using digital circuits which are not capable of generating analog voltages. With the help of the modulation of the width of a pulse in a period of the wave, they can generate any required voltage with the help of a proper filter circuits. The filter circuits are used for generating the voltage corresponding to a modulated wave. Hence the PWM wave is always associated with a filter circuit.This feature of the PWM wave is making use in so many digital systems like DC motor control, audio devices, simple decoration light controls etc. The PIC18F4550 has an inbuilt PWM module which can generate continuous PWM waves. This project explores the PWM module of the PIC18F4550 and tries generating a sine wave with the help of a filter circuit. Generating a sine wave has a great deal of importance since the sine wave is the most natural waveform and all other kind of waves can be generated as a combination of sine waves with different frequencies and amplitude. 

IC555 can be used to generate PAM with one NPN transistor connected at output. The chip is configured in astable mode to generate pulse train to get samples of information (audio) signal. Its frequency should be at least twice that of audio signal. Usually it is 8 KHz (because audio signal is up to 3.4 KHz) but for better quality here I am keeping it 32 KHz. This pulse train output is fed to base of NPN transistor. The collector of transistor is coupled with low frequency audio (information) signal through positive clamper made up of capacitor C1 and diode D1. 

The circuit designers and developers needs different measuring equipments like digital multimeter, CRO, DSO, frequency counter, logic analyser etc for testing their circuits. When they are designing any oscillator or PWM generator or they have generated any waveform, there is a need to measure either frequency or time period. Especially in case of PWM generator…

  Abstract- For low-voltage dc energy sources, a power conditioning system (PCS) is needed to convert the energy sources to a higher-voltage dc before making it to ac for grid tie applications. Fuel cells and Solar photovoltaic (PV) are perhaps the most well-known and prospective energy sources with low voltage dc output. A thermoelectric generator,…

Pulse Width Modulation is well known technique for controlling power electronics devices like SCR, IGBT etc. PWM is also used in motor speed controlling.[[wysiwyg_imageupload::]] Square wave generation by using AVR timers is explained in previous article. The AVR timers have feature of PWM wave generation as well .This article describes PWM generation capability of AVR timers. There are four in-built PWM channels in ATmega16. The PWM outputs are received on pins OC0, OC1A, OC1B and OC2. Readers can refer the previous article which gives explanation of these pins.  The Phase correct PWM mode can be selected by assigning bits WGM0[1:0]=01. This mode is based on dual slope operation. In dual slope operation, TCNTn counts from bottom value to maximum value and maximum value to bottom value. The OCRn register compares the value with the TCNTn register constantly during up-counting and down-counting. On compare match PWM output pin (OCn) behaves according to inverting or non-inverting mode which can be selected by programming of COMn [1:0] bits.  

This article is in continuation of PWM generation using AVR timer. In the previous article, PWM generation using Phase correct PWM mode is described. [[wysiwyg_imageupload::]]However, there are some applications like DAC, power regulation and rectification etc. which require high frequency PWM wave. The PWM generation using Fast PWM mode is suitable for such applications. This article focuses on Fast PWM mode of AVR Timer. The Fast PWM mode is based on single-slope operation. In single slope operation, the register TCNTn counts from bottom value to maximum value and its value resets to zero. The counting starts again from bottom. The register OCRn compares the value with the TCNTn register constantly. If the timer is configured in non-inverting mode, PWM output pin (OCn) goes low when the value of the above two registers matches. The OCn pin becomes high when the TCNTn register reaches at bottom value. In inverting mode OCn pin behaves opposite to non-inverting mode. For timer 0 fast PWM mode, following table shows the functionality of COM 0[1:0] bits. 

This is a demo program written in C++ so that you can know how computer is used to take control action on DC Motor. Total motion control of DC motor is given here (speed control as well as direction change). Also total GUI (Graphical User Interface) is provided (buttons, mouse interface etc.). Program controls motion of motor…

This project involves a combination of PWM (pulse width modulation) and ADC (Analog-Digital converter) to drive a DC motor at various speeds and in both clock and anti directions.PWM is a concept with which one can modify the pulse voltage varying it from 0% duty cycle to 100%.Duty cycle represents the time for which pulse is high when compared to the full pulse length.