In previous articles (including here, here, and here), we discussed the different types of filters available, including examples. If you’ve followed along, you should have an understanding of the frequency components (i.e., attenuating high frequencies when using a low pass filter and the passing frequencies for a high pass filter). You should also be aware…

Bandpass and band reject filters have the combined benefit of both low- and high-passes. They are made by connecting the low-pass and high-pass of different cut-off frequencies. It is beneficial when you require or want to reject only a particular band of frequencies. They are used heavily in investigating audio released from a black box…

In today’s electronic devices, many practical applications use hardware filtering implementation. These applications include electrocardiograms (ECG), image processing cameras, etc. Electrocardiograms are medical devices that record the human heart’s activity using a noninvasive approach by encoding heartbeat into signals. But before reading information from these electrical signals, they are filtered out from unwanted noisy signals…

Filters are used in various fields including telecommunications where bandpass filters are used in speech recognition and modems in the audio frequency range (0 Hz to 20KHz). In the central telephone offices, high-frequency (hundreds of MHz)bandpass filters are used for channel selection. In data acquisition systems, low-pass noise filters and anti-aliasing low-pass filters are required…

The previous sections explained filters by their property, mathematical functions, time and frequency domain responses, and different types. Using the previous sections’ theoretical knowledge, we can implement it in the real world. However, that filter circuit won’t work according to your expectations.   The figure below shows how the ideal and real filter work. The…

Electronic hardware filters can be classified into two types: active and passive. Active Filters: Filter circuits that consist of active components like transistors and op amps with passive components like resistors, capacitors, etc., are called active filters. Passive filter: Filter circuits that consist of only a resistor, capacitor, and inductor and are tuned to resonate…

In this article, we will learn about various filter responses. A filter response helps to understand the difference between a filter’s input signal and output signal. Keeping an eye on filter responses is necessary to analyze their behaviors. To have a better understanding of the processed signal, it is important to analyze that signal and…

Filtering is a technique used to retain the wanted components and remove the unwanted components from the input signal of the system. In signal processing, this can be done by filtering out all other frequencies while retaining a specific frequency range. The signal can be filtered by using two types of filters: software and hardware.…