One essential step in developing Internet of Things (IoT) applications is setting up communication between the IoT devices and a web server or services. IoT devices communicate with a web server, service, or an API through HTTP requests. An HTTP request is a message sent by a client to a server in the context of…
How to use a thermo-electric cooler for thermal management
In Part 1 of this series, we reviewed the ideal selection parameters of a heat sink and cooling fan. In this article, we’ll discuss a thermo-electric cooler (TEC). The TEC can be used in heating or cooling systems in an application where temperature stabilization or cooling below ambient temperature is required. In this tutorial, we’ll…
How to operate an A7672S 4G modem with a computer
As 5G is in full swing in the telecom segment, 4G modems are fast occupying the embedded space. The 4G GSM modems are useful in embedded systems for several reasons. 1. They provide a high-speed wireless connection to the internet. This allows embedded systems to access and process data in real time, which is essential…
How to select a heat sink and fan for thermal management
A major challenge in electronic circuit design is selecting suitable components that perform well under all operating conditions. This is particularly essential in regards to the safe operating limits of current, voltage, power, and temperature. Here, we’ll focus on temperature. Every electronic component generates heat while transferring power. Bear in mind there are no perfect…
How do you list Raspberry Pi’s users?
Raspberry Pi (RPi) is a popular microcomputer used for embedded systems design, hosting high-level applications that run over an operating system. Many of these applications have multiple active users with different permissions and access to system resources. As a result, there may be situations when it’s important to know what users are sharing the device.…
Controlling IoT Devices through Emails over IMAP Protocol – IOT Part 48
In the previous tutorial, it was mentioned that IMAP protocol is a standard email protocol which is used to store email messages and retrieve them. It was also mentioned that IMAP protocol can be used in IoT applications where commands can be passed to IoT devices by emails. This can be really helpful in certain situations like when security might be the main concern. Also, emails can be sent on any network without any special application or permissions. The IoT devices can receive emails as email clients where they can read emails and process information contained in them.
Secure client server communication over TLS security protocol using Mosquitto Broker: IOT Part 42
Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a security protocol which uses symmetric cryptography to secure data. In this tutorial, Client-Server communication will be setup using TLS Protocol so that data can be securely exchanged between them. The Mosquitto broker is used to provide TLS security. The Mosquitto broker uses 8883 port as an encrypted transmission port to securely exchange the data between clients.
Application of FTP Protocol in Internet of Things – IOT Part 43
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard protocol for transferring files between a client and server over an internet network. The FTP protocol was written by Abhay Bhushan (IIT Kanpur) in 1971. In 1980, a TCP/IP version of the protocol as RFC 765 was introduced which became the de facto standard worldwide. in 1998, the protocol stack was updated for IPv6 support. Within this protocol, the security features were enabled by a TLS/SSL layers called FTP Secure (FTPS). A new secured version of FTP is also widely used called SSH File transfer protocol (SFTP). The SFTP is quite different protocol than the traditional FTPS.
Automatic Software Update by IoT Device over FTP Protocol – IOT Part 44
In the previous tutorial, FTP protocol and file transfer over it between a Client and Server was discussed. The FTP protocol can really useful in many IoT applications. Many IOT devices are installed in places like nuclear plant, electrical grids and other industrial setups where these types of devices can get some bugs and need application software updates to fix them. On standard IoT protocols like MQTT, CoAP, etc, it is hard to update and reinstall application software because most of the IoT protocols are designed for IoT communication between devices and network but not for tasks like application updates.
IMAP Protocol- IOT Part 47
Emails are the most commonly used communication in the today’s digital era. The emails can also be way of communication with IoT devices. The emails can be used to pass commands to IoT devices. The devices can then be programmed and configured to read emails received and act accordingly. There can be interesting applications built this way. For receiving emails, the IoT devices need to configure as an Email Client. They can retrieve emails only over a standard email protocol. Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) is one of the standard email message protocols.
VHDL tutorial 13: Design 3×8 decoder and 8×3 encoder using VHDL
In the previous tutorial VHDL tutorial, we designed an 8-bit parity generator and 8-bit parity checker circuits using VHDL. (If you are not following this VHDL tutorial series one by one, you are requested to go through all previous tutorials of these series before going ahead in this tutorial) In this tutorial, We shall write…
VHDL Tutorial 14: Design 1×8 demultiplexer and 8×1 multiplexer using VHDL
In the previous tutorial VHDL tutorial, we designed 8×3 encoder and 3×8 decoder circuits using VHDL. (If you are not following this VHDL tutorial series one by one, you are requested to go through all previous tutorials of these series before going ahead in this tutorial) In this tutorial, We shall write a VHDL program…
VHDL Tutorial 15: Design a clocked SR latch (flip-flop) using VHDL
Note: it’s recommended to follow this VHDL tutorial series in order, starting with the first tutorial. In the previous tutorial, VHDL tutorial – 14, we designed two circuits using VHDL: a 1×8 de-multiplexer and a 8×1 multiplexer. In this project, we will, Write a VHDL program to build a clocked SR Latch (flip-flop) circuit Verify the…
VHDL Tutorial 16: Design a D flip-flop using VHDL
Note: it’s recommended to follow this VHDL tutorial series in order, starting with the first tutorial. In the previous tutorial, we designed a clocked SR latch circuits using VHDL (which is a very high-speed integrated circuit hardware description language). For this project, we will: Write a VHDL program to build a D flip-flop circuit Verify the…
VHDL Tutorial 17: Design a JK flip-flop (with preset and clear) using VHDL
Note: it’s recommended to follow this VHDL tutorial series in order, starting with the first tutorial. In the previous tutorial – VHDL tutorial 16 – we designed a D flip-flop circuit by using VHDL. For this project, we will: Write a VHDL program to build a JK flip-flop circuit Verify the output waveform of the program…
VHDL Tutorial 18: Design a T flip-flop (with enable and an active high reset input) using VHDL
Note: it’s recommended to follow this VHDL tutorial series in order, starting with the first tutorial. In the previous tutorial, VHDL tutorial – 17, we designed a JK flip-flop circuit by using VHDL. For this project, we will: Write a VHDL program to build the T flip-flop circuit Verify the output waveform of the program (the…
What is GPIB and is it obsolete?
The bus, codified as the IEEE 488 standard, continues to find use in legacy test-system upgrades and in calibration labs. The General-Purpose Interface Bus (GPIB) began life as the Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus (HP-IB). Hewlett-Packard, whose electronic test-and-measurement business has evolved into today’s Keysight Technologies, created the interface in the 1960s to connect multiple instruments in…
Difference between LOS and NLOS in Wireless LoRa Technology
In today’s world of communication, Long Range (LoRa) technology has taken a significant role, providing strong, long-distance connections. LoRa’s way of sending signals and its impressive reach make it an ideal option for many direct and indirect network paths. This article explores how LoRa works in two situations: when devices can see each other (line-of-sight…
How to create a constant current source using LM338
Voltage and current sources are two fundamental types of electrical sources used in electronic circuits. A voltage source, such as a battery, is commonly used in many devices. It’s a two-terminal device that maintains a constant voltage across its terminals, regardless of the current flowing through the source. A current source is typically less discussed…
A guide to bipolar junction transistors
The term transistor is derived from the words “transfer and “resistor.” The first semiconductor transistor was invented to replace the triode as an amplifier device, a vacuum tube with three electrodes. The transistor was smaller, lighter, and cheaper than a vacuum tube triode. It also proved easy to construct and had no heat losses like…