UART Programming in LPC1768- (Part 14/21)

This is the Article to introduce the UART (Universal Asynchronous receiver/Transmitter) programming of ARM Cortex-M3 LPC1768 Microcontroller. Here we are going to receive serial data from PC and echo back the same data while displaying the same on the LCD. Setting up the Environment for the development ofARM cortex M3 is well discussed in this article.

The LPC 1768 is ARM Cortex- M3 based Microcontrollers for embedded application features in low power consumption and a high level of integration. The ARM Cortex M3 is designed in a such way to enhance debug features and a higher level of system integration. It clocks at a CPU frequency of 100 MHz, and incorporates a 3-stage pipeline and uses a Harvard architecture with separate local instruction and data buses for third bus peripherals. The ARM Cortex- M3 CPU have an internal pre-fetch unit to support speculative branching. The peripheral components include 512KB of flash memory, 64kb of data memory, Ethernet MAC, USB OTG, 4 UART’s, 8-channel general purpose DMA controller, 2 SSP Controllers, 10-bit DAC, Quadrature encoder interface, SPI interface, 3 I2C bus interface, 2 input plus 2 outputs I2S bus interface, 4 general purpose timers, ultra-low power Real-Time Clock (RTC) with separate battery supply, and up to 70 general purpose I/O pins, 6-output general purpose PWM. The LPC1768/66/65/64 are pin-compatible with the 100-pin LPC236x ARM7-based Microcontroller series.

Fig. 1: UART Programming In LPC1768 Prototype

The ARM Cortex M3(NXP LPC1768) contains 4 UARTs numbering fro 0 to 3, similarly the name of the pins also RXD0,TXD0 to RXD3,TXD3. The UART module of LPC1768 can be of 5,6,7,and 8 bits wide with parity generation and checking. It includes one or two stop bits. It has built-in baud rate generator, including a fractional rate divider for great versatility. It also support for software flow control.

POWERING THE UART:

PCON register bits description:

Bit	Symbol	Description	Reset value
0	–	Reserved.	NA
1	PCTIM0	Timer/Counter 0 power/clock control bit.	1
2	PCTIM1	Timer/Counter 1 power/clock control bit.	1
3	PCUART0	UART0 power/clock control bit.	1
4	PCUART1	UART1 power/clock control bit.	1
5	–	Reserved.	NA
6	PCPWM1	PWM1 power/clock control bit.	1
7	PCI2C0	The I2C0 interface power/clock control bit.	1
8	PCSPI	The SPI interface power/clock control bit.	1
9	PCRTC	The RTC power/clock control bit.	1
10	PCSSP1	The SSP 1 interface power/clock control bit.	1
11	–	Reserved.	NA
12	PCADC	A/D converter (ADC) power/clock control bit.	0
13	PCCAN1	CAN Controller 1 power/clock control bit.	0
14	PCCAN2	CAN Controller 2 power/clock control bit.	0
15	PCGPIO	Power/clock control bit for IOCON, GPIO, and GPIO interrupts.	1
16	PCRIT	Repetitive Interrupt Timer power/clock control bit.	0
17	PCMCPWM	Motor Control PWM	0
18	PCQEI	Quadrature Encoder Interface power/clock control bit.	0
19	PCI2C1	The I2C1 interface power/clock control bit.	1
20	–	Reserved.	NA
21	PCSSP0	The SSP0 interface power/clock control bit.	1
22	PCTIM2	Timer 2 power/clock control bit.	0
23	PCTIM3	Timer 3 power/clock control bit.	0
24	PCUART2	UART 2 power/clock control bit.	0
25	PCUART3	UART 3 power/clock control bit.	0
26	PCI2C2	I2C interface 2 power/clock control bit.	1
27	PCI2S	I2S interface power/clock control bit.	0
28	–	Reserved.	NA
29	PCGPDMA	GPDMA function power/clock control bit.	0
30	PCENET	Ethernet block power/clock control bit.	0
31	PCUSB	USB interface power/clock control bit.	0

Fig. 2: Bits Description Of PCON Register In LPC1768

Following reset the PCUART0 and PCUART1 (Power Clock Control Bit to UART) bits are set and these two are enabled. But PCUART2 and PCUART3 (Power Clock Control Bit to UART) bits are cleared and these two are disabled. The first step while using these UARTs is to set PCUARTx bits. In this article we are going to use UART0.

SELECTING THE CLOCK FOR UART:

By assuming that the main clock for the LPC1768 has been programmed. Each LPC1768 peripheral including the UART has a clock derived from the main clock as illustrated.

Peripheral Clock Divider

As shown in the below block the frequency of the peripheral clock is determined by two bits in the PCLKSEL registers. UART0 is included in PCLKSEL0. With the NXP LPC1768 the peripheral clocks are always active. Following RESET, PCLKSEL registers are cleared setting the peripheral clock frequency to CCLK/4 to all the peripherals. The user will have a choice of frequency which can be determined by two bits for each peripherals among the peripheral clock selection registers PCLKSEL0 and PCLKSEL1. By default at reset all values are 00 ie CCLK/4.

00	PCLK_peripheral = CCLK/4
01	PCLK_peripheral = CCLK
10	PCLK_peripheral = CCLK/2
11	PCLK_peripheral = CCLK/8, except for CAN1, CAN2, and CAN filtering when “11” selects = CCLK/6.

Fig. 3: Bit Value Of PCLK_Peripheral For Clock Frequency

Bit	Symbol	Description
1:0	PCLK_WDT	Peripheral clock selection for WDT.
3:2	PCLK_TIMER0	Peripheral clock selection for TIMER0.
5:4	PCLK_TIMER1	Peripheral clock selection for TIMER1.
7:6	PCLK_UART0	Peripheral clock selection for UART0.
9:8	PCLK_UART1	Peripheral clock selection for UART1.
11:10	–	Reserved.
13:12	PCLK_PWM1	Peripheral clock selection for PWM1.
15:14	PCLK_I2C0	Peripheral clock selection for I2C0.
17:16	PCLK_SPI	Peripheral clock selection for SPI.
19:18	–	Reserved.
21:20	PCLK_SSP1	Peripheral clock selection for SSP1.
23:22	PCLK_DAC	Peripheral clock selection for DAC.
25:24	PCLK_ADC	Peripheral clock selection for ADC.
27:26	PCLK_CAN1	Peripheral clock selection for CAN1.[1]
29:28	PCLK_CAN2	Peripheral clock selection for CAN2.[1]
31:30	PCLK_ACF	Peripheral clock selection for CAN acceptance filtering.[1]

Fig. 4: Bit Value And Description Of PCLK_Peripheral Register In LPC1768

Code snipet:

Function to set the peripheral clock for timer 0 to divide by 8 of the system clock frequency.

pclkdiv = (LPC_SC->PCLKSEL0 >> 6) & 0x03;

switch ( pclkdiv )

{

case 0x00:

default:

pclk = SystemFrequency/4;

break;

case 0x01:

pclk = SystemFrequency;

break;

case 0x02:

pclk = SystemFrequency/2;

break;

case 0x03:

pclk = SystemFrequency/8;

break;

}

BAUDRATE CALCULATION:

LPC1768 generates the baud rate depending on the values of Divisor latch registers DLL and DLM.

DLL and DLM : Divisor latch registers
Speed (bps)	Divisor	DLL	DLM
50	2,304	0x00	0x09
300	384	0x80	0x01
1,200	96	0x60	0x00
2,400	48	0x30	0x00
4,800	24	0x18	0x00
9,600	12	0x0C	0x00
19,200	6	0x06	0x00
38,400	3	0x03	0x00
57,600	2	0x02	0x00
115,200	1	0x01	0x00

Fig. 5: Baud Rate In LPC1768 With Divisor Latch Registers DLL And DLM

Baudrate = PCLK/ (16 * ( 256 * DLM + DLL) * (1+ DivAddVal/MulVal))

Getting the PCLK value.
PCLKSELx registers contain the PCLK info for all the clock dependent peripherals in which Bit6,Bit7 contains the Uart Clock(ie.UART_PCLK) information.
The UART_PCLK and the actual Peripheral Clock(PCLK) is calculated as discussed above.

Using the above parameters , DLL/DLM is calculated as below.
(256 * DLL + DLM) = PCLK / (16* Baudrate).

Code snippet:

Fdiv = ( pclk / 16 ) / baudrate ; /*baud rate */

LPC_UART0->DLM = Fdiv / 256; LPC_UART0->DLL = Fdiv % 256;

SELECTING THE UART FUNCTION TO GPIO:

All the pins of LPC1768 has alternate functions to the default digital input-output functions we have to first select the pin for the appropriate function. The second alternate function for P0.2 and P0.3 are TXD0 and RXD0. As we discussed in the previous articles the GPIO function is selected with the help of PINSEL register of the Pin control block. Port 1 is controlled by PINSEL0,1 and Port 1 is controlled by PINSEL2,3. RESET makes all the bits of PINSEL to be cleared results in attachment of GPIO function to the pins.

Each pin is controlled by 2 consecutive bits of PINSEL register. PINSEL0[1:0] bits controls the Pin P0.0, PINSEL0[3:2] bits controls the Pin P0.1. PINSEL0[31:30] bits controls the Pin P0.15, etc.- PSEL3[31:30] bits will control the pins Pin P1.31. The UART0 pins are attached to pins P0.2 and P0.3. The following code will select alternate function 1.

Below table shows the multiplexed UARTs pins.

Port Pin	Pin Functions	Associated PINSEL Register
P0.2	0-GPIO, 1-TXD0, 2-AD0[7], 3-	4,5 bits of PINSEL0
P0.3	0-GPIO, 1-RXD0, 2-AD0[6], 3-	6,7 bits of PINSEL0
P0.10	0-GPIO, 1- TXD2, 2- SDA2, 3- MAT3[0]	20,21bits of PINSEL1
P0.11	0-GPIO, 1- RXD2, 2- SCL2, 3- MAT3[1]	22,23 bits of PINSEL1
P0.15	0-GPIO, 1- TXD1, 2- SCK0 , 3- SCK	30,31 bits of PINSEL1
P0.16	0-GPIO, 1- RXD1, 2- SSEL0, 3- SSEL	1,2 bits of PINSEL2
P0.25	0-GPIO, 1-AD0[2], 2-I2SRX_SDA, 3-TXD3	18,19 bits of PINSEL1
P0.26	0-GPIO, 1-AD0[3], 2-AOUT, 3-RXD3	20,21 bits of PINSEL1

Fig. 6: UARTs multiplexed pins With PINSEL Register In LPC1768

Code snipet:

LPC_PINCON->PINSEL0 &= ~0x000000F0;

LPC_PINCON->PINSEL0 |= 0x00000050; /* RxD0 is P0.3 and TxD0 is P0.2 */

UART REGISTERS AND ITS CONFIGURATION:

Configuration of the individual registers for UART communication is discussed below.

FCR ( FIFO Control Register ):

LPC1768 has inbuilt 16bytes of buffer register called FIFO for the transmission and reception. It implies that it can store 16bytes of data received without overwriting. If the FIFO register is full OVERRUN error will be set.

Bit	Symbol	Description	Reset Value
0	FIFO ENABLE	This bit is used to enable/disable the FIFO for the data received/transmitted. 0–FIFO is Disabled. 1–FIFO is Enabled for both Rx and Tx.	0
1	RX FIFO RESET	This is used to clear the 16-byte Rx FIFO. 0–No impact. 1–CLears the 16-byte Rx FIFO and the resets the FIFO pointer.	0
2	TX FIFO RESET	This is used to clear the 16-byte Tx FIFO. 0–No impact. 1–Clears the 16-byte Tx FIFO and the resets the FIFO pointer.	0
3	DMA MODE	This is used for Enabling/Disabling DMA mode. 0–Disables the DMA. 1–Enables DMA only when the FIFO(bit-0) bit is SET.	0
5:4	–	Reserved, user software should not write ones to reserved bits. The value read from a reserved bit is not defined.	NA
7:6	RX TRIGGER	This bit is used to select the number of bytes of the receiver data to be written so as to enable the interrupt/DMA. 00– Trigger level 0 (1 character or 0x01) 01– Trigger level 1 (4 characters or 0x04) 10– Trigger level 2 (8 characters or 0x08) 11– Trigger level 3 (14 characters or 0x0E)	00
31:8	–	Reserved, user software should not write ones to reserved bits. The value read from a reserved bit is not defined.	NA

LCR ( Line Control Register ):

This register is used for defining the UART frame format ie. Number of Data bits, STOP bits etc.

Bit	Symbol	Description	Reset Value
1:0	Word Length Select	These two bits are used to select the character length 00– 5-bit character length 01– 6-bit character length 10– 7-bit character length 11– 8-bit character length	00
2	Stop Bit Select	This bit is used to select the number(1/2) of stop bits 0– 1 Stop bit 1– 2 Stop Bits	0
3	Parity Enable	This bit is used to Enable or Disable the Parity generation and checking. 0– Disable parity generation and checking. 1– Enable parity generation and checking.	0
5:4	Parity Select	These two bits will be used to select the type of parity. 00– Odd parity. Number of 1s in the transmitted character and the attached parity bit will be odd. 01– Even Parity. Number of 1s in the transmitted character and the attached parity bit will be even. 10– Forced “1” stick parity. 11– Forced “0” stick parity	00
6	Break Control	0– Disable break transmission. 1– Enable break transmission. Output pin UARTn TXD is forced to logic 0	0
7	DLAB	Divisor Latch Access Bit This bit is used to enable the access to divisor latch. 0– Disable access to divisor latch 0– Enable access to divisor latch
31:8	Reserved	Reserved, user software should not write ones to reserved bits. The value read from a reserved bit is not defined.	NA

LSR (Line Status Register):

The is a read-only register that provides status information of the UART TX and RX blocks.

Bit	Symbol	Description	Reset Value
0	RDR	Receive Data Ready This bit will be set when there is a received data in RBR register. This bit will be automatically cleared when RBR is empty. 0– The UARTn receiver FIFO is empty. 1– The UARTn receiver FIFO is not empty.	0
1	OE	Overrun Error The overrun error condition is set when the UART Rx FIFO is full and a new character is received. In this case, the UARTn RBR FIFO will not be overwritten and the character in the UARTn RSR will be lost. 0– No overrun 1– Buffer over run	0
2	PE	Parity Error This bit is set when the receiver detects a error in the Parity. 0– No Parity Error 1– Parity Error	0
3	FE	Framing Error This bit is set when there is error in the STOP bit(LOGIC 0) 0– No Framing Error 1– Framing Error	0
4	BI	Break Interrupt This bit is set when the RXDn is held in the spacing state (all zeroes) for one full character transmission	0
5	THRE	Transmitter Holding Register Empty THRE is set immediately upon detection of an empty THR. It is automatically cleared when the THR is written. 0– THR register is Empty 1– THR has valid data to be transmitted	0
6	TEMT	Transmitter Empty TEMT is set when both UnTHR and UnTSR are empty; TEMT is cleared when any of them contain valid data. 0– THR and/or the TSR contains valid data. 1– THR and the TSR are empty.	0
7	RXFE	Error in Rx FIFO This bit is set when the received data is affected by Framing Error/Parity Error/Break Error. 0– RBR contains no UARTn RX errors. 1– RBR contains at least one RX error.	0
31:8	Reserved	Reserved, user software should not write ones to reserved bits. The value read from a reserved bit is not defined.	NA

TER (Transmitter Enable register)

This register is used to Enable/Disable the transmission

Bit	Symbol	Description	Reset Value
6:0	Reserved	Reserved, user software should not write ones to reserved bits. The value read from a reserved bit is not defined.	NA
7	TXEN	Trsnamitter Enable When this bit is 1, the data written to the THR is output on the TXD pin. If this bit is cleared to 0 while a character is being sent, the transmission of that character is completed, but no further characters are sent until this bit is set again. In other words, a 0 in this bit blocks the transfer of characters. Note: By default this bit will be set after Reset.	0
31:8	Reserved	Reserved, user software should not write ones to reserved bits. The value read from a reserved bit is not defined.	NA

Create a project using Keil uvision4 for LPC1768 Microcontroller:

In this section, we will start creating a project in Keil MDK we have already installed Keil µVision and Co-MDK Plug-in + CoLinkEx Drivers required for the CoLinkEx programming adapter. You can start by downloading the project files and kick start your practical experiment which includes all libraries and the source codes for the UART in LPC1768.

Code.rar

Code Description:

Separate functions are used for UART initialization, UART interrupt handling, and APIs for UART access.

The function used for the UART initialization is

UARTInit(0, 57600); /* baud rate setting */

Here 0 defines the UART0 and 57600 is the baud rate.

To send a data by UART this function is used.

UARTSend( 0, (uint8_t *)UART0Buffer, UART0Count );

Here 0 tells it is UART0 and the data to be send is the same which is received.

For more details on interfacing the LCD in 4 bit mode with LPC1768 refer this link.

Project Source Code

###
 
 The codes are linked in Description ###

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UART_Circuit

UART Programming in LPC1768- (Part 14/21)

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