Tutorials

In the previous article, we learned about the basic concepts of a transformer. A transformer is simply a pair of inductors magnetically coupled to enable electromagnetic induction between them. With the help of transformers, AC voltages can be stepped up or down at low costs without any hassle. Stepping up or down DC voltages requires…

In the previous article, we discussed the classification of transformers by core material, geometry, and voltage levels. The transformers can also be classified by their application and use. Let’s explore the two broad categories of use cases first  – transformers used in the electrical domain and transformers used in the electronics domain. The transformers used…

In the previous articles, we discussed passive electronic components like resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers. The passive components are particularly useful in designing various analog circuits. The real fun of modern electronics begins with semiconductors and digital electronics. Electronics is all about signals (in the form of voltage or current) and processing signals by components…

In the previous article, we discussed different types of power supplies. For prototyping and testing circuits, the linear regulated power supply is the most economical and feasible do-it-yourself solution. The power output from a linear regulated supply can also be adjusted with the help of a variable resistor. Electronics hobbyists and beginners who do not…

In the previous tutorial, we discussed different types of batteries. Apart from reusability and battery chemistry, how a battery is packaged is an important factor, as it should be accommodable in a device without compromising safety norms. The geometry and size of a battery also plays a vital role in its application to a circuit.…

In the previous articles, we discussed types of batteries and different battery packs. Many embedded circuits and devices rely on batteries for a power supply and many of these devices use primary batteries that may need to be replaced. Other embedded devices are rechargeable and use secondary batteries to remain powered. It is not difficult…

When designing and manufacturing your PCB, one of the early decisions involves the type and style of components to be used. Traditionally, the option available was to insert components into plated through-holes on the PCB. Increasingly, the trend has been to use a method that does not involve drilling holes. Let us look at the…

By Arshon Technology For PCB prototype applications, one prerequisite is a must: reliable testing. These early products are built with the sole purpose of testing design ideas to ensure they work for approved use and sale. Be that as it may, PCBs can be unpredictable as there are many parts and patch associations. When electronic…

Device to Device Communication has a great role in IOT. In context to IOT systems, this device to device communication usually voids human interaction and control over the devices and the devices are meant to communicate with each other autonomously. In this tutorial, a similar demonstration of Device to Device Communication is presented.  

In the previous tutorials, the IOT devices designed were connecting with the internet network via Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi is a wireless standard. It is commonly used to provide data communication among mobile devices and the internet network. Another common standard used for networking devices and computers is Ethernet.   Ethernet is most commonly used Local Area Network (LAN) technology. It provides a wired communication to connect the devices to the Internet. 

In the previous tutorial, the basics of Ethernet technology were discussed. In this tutorial, the Ethernet technology will be used to connect an Arduino board over internet with a PC. The Arduino based IOT device and the PC will be setup to communicate using MQTT protocol via HiveMQ Broker.  An IOT device based on Arduino will be designed in this project. The Arduino will be interfaced with an Arduino Ethernet Shield to connect with a router via Ethernet cable (Cat 5e).  

In the previous tutorial, the Ethernet technology was used to connect an Arduino based IOT device with the internet network. The IOT devices can also be connected to internet network using mobile technologies like GSM, CDMA and GPRS. There are two major technologies for data transfers over cellular networks – GSM and GPRS. These two technologies differ from each other on the basis of data rates and the charges they take for their operation. 

SIM800 is a popular GSM GPRS modem. It supports General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) for connecting to the Internet. This module has built-in TCP/IP stack that can be accessed serially with AT commands.The modem needs to be configured by connecting it to a PC. In such setup, the SIM800 modem with SIM card acts as TCP client and the PC  acts as TCP server.  

In the previous tutorial, SIM800 module was configured as TCP-IP Client and a PC was configured as TCP-IP server. The two were setup to communicate over TCP-IP stack using an Arduino UNO as gateway. In this tutorial, the SIM800 will be configured as an MQTT Client and setup to communicate over MQTT protocol with a PC client. In the previous tutorial, the PC was configured as server to set SIM800 modem into working mode. In this project, the PC will serve as another client and communicate with the GSM GPRS modem via HiveMQ broker.  

In previous tutorials of this series, we saw how to vary the intensity (brightness) of LEDs using the PWM output of ATtiny85. This tutorial shall take it to the next step by varying LED brightness using a potentiometer (pot). The pot will give an analog output of 0 to 5V. ATtiny85 has an inbuilt ADC…

In the previous tutorials in this series, we have seen how to generate different chasing effects by blinking LEDs. So we were simply turning the LED ON and OFF. In this tutorial, we shall vary the brightness (intensity) of LED. We shall use the PWM output of ATtiny85 to do this. So let’s see how…

In the previous tutorial of this series, we have seen how to work with ATtiny85, how to program it, and also we have built our first – hello world application – that is LED blinking application using ATtiny85. So let us extend it to the next step – means one step advance. We shall connect…

One of the main attractions of the Raspberry Pi platform is its camera module. At present, Raspberry Pi Foundation offers three camera modules: • Camera Module 2 • Camera Module 2 NoIR • Raspberry Pi High-Quality Camera The camera module 2 is a replacement for the original camera module in April 2016. The V2 module…

An amplifier is a circuit which can produce an output voltage, which is the product of input voltage with a value called voltage gain. An op-amp (operational amplifier) is a kind of amplifier circuit which can perform an operation (addition, subtraction etc.) on the input voltages, apart from simply amplifying the input. It is an electronic…

In the previous tutorial, we learned about Python’s syntax — meaning its identifiers, keywords, comments, statements, literals, and data types. We also learned that Python is object-oriented and that these objects can be mutable or immutable. Python objects that point to a group of values are  iterable, which, in this case, is referred to as…