Tutorials

In the previous Verilog tutorial, we learned how to implement various logic gates, including AND, OR, NOR, and NOT, using only NAND gates in Verilog, demonstrating that NAND is a universal gate. (If you haven’t been following this Verilog tutorial series in order, we recommend reviewing the previous tutorials before proceeding with this one. View…

In tutorial 5 of this series, we built NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR gates using AND, OR, and NOT gates in Verilog. (If you haven’t been following along, we highly recommend reviewing the previous tutorials before proceeding with this one. The first tutorial starts here.) In this tutorial, we’ll: Write a Verilog program to design…

In the previous Verilog tutorial, we designed and simulated all seven basic logic gates (including, AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR) in Verilog. (If you haven’t been following this VHDL tutorial series step by step, it’s recommended to start here, and review the previous tutorials before continuing.) In this tutorial, we’ll: Write a…

In previous Verilog tutorials (especially Tutorial 3), we learned how to design, simulate, and verify digital circuits using Altera’s MAX+II VHDL/Verilog simulator software. (If you haven’t been following this series sequentially, be sure to review the previous tutorials before proceeding.) In this tutorial, we’ll: Write a Verilog program to build various digital logic gates. Simulate…

In the previous two tutorials, we covered the basics of Verilog and explored several example programs using different modeling styles. In this tutorial, we will focus on how to simulate and verify Verilog programs. To edit, compile, execute (simulate), or verify a Verilog program, you will need a software tool like Xilinx’s ISE, Mentor Graphics’…

Verilog is a hardware description language (HDL) first standardized by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 1995. It plays an essential role in electronic design automation (EDA) tools for designing and documenting digital systems. Verilog is extensively used in the design and verification of digital circuits at various abstraction levels, from the…

In the previous tutorial, we covered the fundamentals of Verilog, VLSI design flow, and various Verilog modeling styles, including modules and data types. Now, it’s time to dive into the Verilog programming. In this tutorial, we’ll present basic Verilog programs for popular digital circuits. Before we begin, it’s worth reviewing the prerequisites for Verilog programming,…

Raspberry Pi is currently the most widely used single-board computer in the world. Launched in October 2023, Raspberry Pi 5 is the latest version of the development board, offering more significant computing power, an enhanced GPU, and faster memory than its predecessors. Among single-board computers, Raspberry Pi remains the most ubiquitous, outpacing alternatives like BeagleBone,…

In the previous tutorials, we discussed working with a capacitor, characteristics of a capacitor, various types of capacitors, and selecting a capacitor for a given circuit. As we have learned, typical commercial capacitors have their capacitance in Picofarad, Nanofarad or Microfarad range. The maximum capacitance that these capacitors can provide is 1 Farad. If the…

In the previous article, we looked at various types of capacitors. Now, let us discuss selecting a capacitor for a given application. Generally, selecting a capacitor is not a daunting task unless you have specific circuit requirements. Engineers often have a nominal capacitance derived for a circuit at hand or have to use capacitance with…

In the previous tutorial, we learned about the practical construction of a capacitor and the different technical aspects associated with a standard capacitor. Let us now discuss different types of commercial capacitors and the practical technical specifications associated with them. This will help immensely in choosing the suitable capacitor for a given application. The capacitors…

In the previous tutorial, we learned about signal behavior and the role of a capacitor in a circuit. A capacitor stores electrical charge in the form of the electrostatic field in response to an applied voltage. It charges whenever the applied voltage increases (relative to the current-voltage across the capacitor) by allowing a charging current…

In the previous tutorials, we discussed setting up an electronics lab and learned rudimentary know-how of resistors. Moving on with a discussion on passive components, let’s talk about the capacitor. Let us begin with a fictitious circuit Imagine a purely resistive circuit driven by an ideal voltage source or ideal current source. In such a…

In the previous tutorials, we discussed two passive properties of electronic components, resistance and capacitance, and their electronic components, resistors and capacitors. Passive components are unable to generate energy, but can store or dissipate it. We’ve already learned about the electrical properties of resistors and capacitors, including how they affect the current and voltage in…

EMC stands for Electromagnetic compatibility, which means that a device is compatible with (i.e., no interference is caused by) its electromagnetic (EM) environment. It does not emit levels of EM energy that generate electromagnetic interference (EMI) in other devices in the vicinity. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is the interference caused by one electrical or electronic device…

EMC test is known as Electromagnetic Compatibility, a certification for electronic devices to maintain their limitation of electromagnetic waves. As discussed in the previous article, there are two types of EMC tests – emission (EMI) and immunity (EMS). EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) tests measure the magnetic waves emitted by the device, and EMS (Electromagnetic Susceptibility) tests…

An EMC test is known as Electromagnetic compatibility, a certification for electronic devices to maintain their limitation of electromagnetic waves. As discussed in the previous article, there are two types of EMC tests: emission (EMI) and immunity (EMS). EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) tests measure the magnetic waves emitted by the device, and EMS (Electromagnetic Susceptibility) tests…

EMC testing is essential to get a certification of Electromagnetic Emission and Immunity test before launching the product in the market. However, actual EMC tests are pretty expensive. Before going for the actual EMC test, the product should test in EMC pre-compliance test Lab. Pre-compliance testing will mimic all tests performed at EMI/EMC test labs…

In the previous article, we learned about EMI/EMC pre-compliance test. EMS/EMC pre-compliance immunity test is required before the compliance test. EMS/EMC pre-compliance immunity test will give the confidence to pass the compliance test. The pre-compliance immunity test simulates all the tests done at the compliance test lab, but it is unnecessary to apply all the…

In tutorial 6 of this series, we built a circuit for D Morgan’s Theorems in Verilog, verifying its output to prove the theorems. (If you haven’t been following along, we highly recommend reviewing the previous tutorials before proceeding with this one. The first tutorial starts here.) In this tutorial, we’ll: Write a Verilog program to…