Python

One of the main attractions of the Raspberry Pi platform is its camera module. At present, Raspberry Pi Foundation offers three camera modules: • Camera Module 2 • Camera Module 2 NoIR • Raspberry Pi High-Quality Camera The camera module 2 is a replacement for the original camera module in April 2016. The V2 module…

Is it possible to update the weather on an embedded device or a wearable without interfacing with any temperature or humidity sensor? With Internet of Things (IoT) access, devices can connect to a variety of web services with the help of APIs and extract several useful insights and information through simple HTTP requests. In response,…

A watchdog timer is an internal or external timer that monitors a microcontroller’s program to ensure the application remains operative without failure. It serves as a safety feature in critical applications by monitoring the microcontroller’s output signal. The watchdog can operate in two modes:  Timeout mode – the timer establishes the microcontroller is not working properly if it…

A real-time clock (RTC) is a computer clock to keep time and is one of the more popular microcontroller features. Microcontrollers without a built-in RTC require an external RTC chip for keeping time. Typically, mid-segment to high-end microcontrollers have a built-in RTC because time-keeping is necessary for several embedded applications.  RTCs count seconds, minutes, hours,…

MicroPython is one of the best microcontroller firmware that supports a variety of embedded platforms. The WiFi development boards like ESP8266 and ESP32 are among the MicroPython-supported ports. With MicroPython, it is extremely simple to implement top-notch IoT applications.  MicroPython has wide support for network programming along with implementing all basic hardware functions. It combines…

Organic light-emitting diode or OLED displays have become essential for many embedded devices. OLEDs are considered one of the highest-quality displays to showcase device information.  Typically, embedded devices use single-screen graphics, but complex interfaces are required when there are several user interactions. For example, such interfaces might use menus or other graphical navigation. Adding a…

Data logging is an integral part of many embedded projects. Typically, data logging is used to record sensor readings, with or without a timestamp. For example, many IoT applications use data logging to store network changes or data for troubleshooting or verification.  The ideal way to log data locally is using an SD or MicroSD…

Many IoT applications are controlled with the help of a webpage or an HTML website running within a Local Area Network (LAN) or Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). Some examples of such IoT applications include home automation, office automation, and smart farming. The HTML webpage or website controlling the things is hosted on a microcomputer…

MicroPython is an implementation of Python 3 for microcontrollers. It’s an awesome firmware that combines the powerful features of Python programming language with the low-level access of microcontrollers. Following is a list of microcontrollers supported by the MicroPython framework. Arch Mix, Actinius icarus, Arduino Nano RP2040 Connect, Arduino Primo, B_L072Z_LRWAN1, B_L475E_IOT01A, blueio_tag_evim, C3 mini, CERB40,…

You’ve likely heard about SSD1306 or SSD1315 organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays. These monochrome screens are typically in a similar price range as character displays, providing a more aesthetic appeal. More significantly, they provide a truly graphical interface for an embedded device. The OLED displays are available in ready-to-use breakout boards that can easily push…

Networking applications consume a lot of power. If such applications are battery-powered, there’s a risk the battery will exhaust because of the high power demands of networking functions. Frequently, power is also wasted in non-essential microcontroller activities. For example, the power might remain on for various built-in peripherals irrespective of their use or relevance in…

Timers are one of the common hardware features in all microcontrollers. Timers and timer interrupts are of great use in microcontroller applications. The timer interrupts are often used when precise timing is required without a fraction of error. All MicroPython ports have one or more timers. Some of these timers may be reserved for specific…

The majority of sensors have an analog output.  Few sensors come with a built-in controller and can stream the output measurements over a digital protocol. That is why analog to digital conversion is one of the basic features that every microcontroller/port has. The other basic features include digital input/output, analog output, PWM generation, and serial…

The 1-Wire protocol is a proprietary standard for serial data communication from Maxim Integrated. This protocol is a low-speed, half-duplex, bidirectional, low-power master-slave data communication standard used by several devices, including temperature sensors, real-time clocks, EEPROMs, identification (intellectual property protection) devices, timers, and iButtons. There can be only one master device on a 1-wire standard…

In a previous article, we covered sleep modes in ESP8266. ESP32 is another popular Wi-Fi development board from Expressif systems. It’s more feature-rich than ESP8266, but also more power-hungry. The power consumption of ESP32 can reach up to 790 mA when the Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are both operational — nearly double that of ESP8266, which…

SPI and I2C are the common serial communication protocols used by sensors for communicating with microcontrollers and microcomputers. Both protocols are master-slave protocols. The sensors often take the part of a slave device within an embedded ecosystem. Most of the time, a sensor only requires sending data to the microcontroller/microcomputer. This remains true even if…

Sensors use slave-master protocols for interfacing with microcontrollers and microcomputers. Among many different slave-master protocols, I2C and SPI protocols are the common serial communication protocols widely found in embedded devices. Both protocols let the microcontroller/microcomputer take the master role and allow interfacing of several sensors and embedded blocks on a common bus. This tutorial will…

Microcontroller boards require communicating data with a lot of other devices that include sensors, actuators, other microcontrollers, and microcomputers. This data transfer or exchange is carried over serial interfaces using standard protocols like UART, I2C, SPI, 1-wire, etc. UART is one of the common serial data communication protocols available on almost every microcontroller. UART is…

MicroPython is a software implementation of the Python 3 programming language for microcontrollers. Nearly all major microcontroller platforms are supported by MicroPython’s firmware.  MicroPython eases the development of embedded systems in a couple of ways. For one, it lets users program microcontrollers and microcomputers in a common programming language (such as Python, which is currently…

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is one of the five basic functionalities in any microcontroller. The other four are digital input, digital output, analog input, and serial data communication. Most microcontrollers do not have a built-in digital-to-analog converter to output analog signals. However, most of the microcontrollers have one or more PWM output interfaces. PWM signals…